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Differential Gene Up-Regulation by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2 in HEK293T Cells

¹ HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch and ² Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland

Requests for reprints: Robert Yarchoan, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 10S255, MSC 1868, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868. Phone: 301-402-3630; Fax: 301-402-3645; E-mail: yarchoan{at}helix.nih.gov.

Cells exposed to hypoxia respond by increasing the level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). This factor then activates a number of genes by binding to hypoxia response elements in their promoter regions. A second hypoxia-responsive factor, HIF-2, can activate many of the same genes as HIF-1. Overexpression of HIFs accompanies the pathogenesis of many tumors. It is unclear, however, as to the respective role of these factors in responsiveness to hypoxia and other stresses. To address this issue, we used microarray technology to study the genes activated in HEK293T cells by hypoxia or transfection with the chain of HIF-1 (or mutant HIF-1 resistant to degradation) or HIF-2. Fifty-six genes were found to be up-regulated at least 3-fold by either hypoxia or transfection. Of these, 21 were elevated both by transfection with HIF-1 and with HIF-2, and 14 were preferentially activated by HIF-1 including several involved in glycolysis. Ten genes were preferentially activated by HIF-2, including two (CACNA1A and PTPRZ1) implicated in neurologic diseases. Interestingly, most HIF-2–responsive genes were not substantially activated by hypoxia. An additional 10 genes were up-regulated by hypoxia but minimally activated by HIF-1 or HIF-2 transfection. Ten of the genes were studied by quantitative real-time PCR and/or by Northern blot and the results paralleled those found with microarray technology. Although confirmation in other systems will be necessary, these results indicate that whereas some genes are robustly activated by both HIF-1 and HIF-2, others can be preferentially activated by one or the other factor.

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