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Oncolytic Capacity of Attenuated Replicative Semliki Forest Virus in Human Melanoma Xenografts in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice

¹ Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre; ² Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; ³ Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MediCity Research Laboratory; and ⁴ Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Requests for reprints: Markus Vähä-Koskela, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland. Phone: 358-2-2154018; Fax: 358-2-2154745; E-mail: makoskel{at}abo.fi.

Oncolytic viruses have gained attention as a novel form of cancer treatment. Many viral vectors in use today have been rendered safe by deletion of genes encoding viral structural proteins, thus making them unable to spread beyond the first infected cells. Hence, such replication-deficient constructs may lack efficacy. Here, we analyzed the oncolytic potential of the replication-competent vector VA7-EGFP, based on the avirulent Semliki Forest virus (SFV) strain A7(74), to kill cancer cells in culture as well as to target s.c. human melanoma xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. VA7-EGFP was able to infect most cancer cell lines studied, leading to complete lysis of the cells within 72 hours after infection. In SCID mice grafted with A2058 human melanoma, marked regression of the xenografts was observed following a single injection of 10⁶ plaque-forming units of virus given either i.p., i.v., or intratumorally. Histologic analysis revealed the presence of virus not only in all treated tumors but also in the brains of the treated mice, causing progressing neuropathology beginning at day 16 after infection. Following initial oncolysis, clusters of viable tumor cells were observed embedded in connective tissue, and at later stages, encapsulated tumor nodules had formed. Infection of melanoma cells from explant cultures of these nodules revealed that a portion of the cells were resistant to virus. To be eligible for use in virotherapy, the ability of avirulent SFV to spread within tumor tissue may have to be improved and the biological safety of the virus may have to be addressed thoroughly in higher animals. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(14): 7185-94)

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