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Autocrine Production of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 Is Required for Survival and Growth of Thyroid Cancer Cells

¹ Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences and ² Pathology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; ³ Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; ⁴ Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; and ⁵ Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Catania, Italy

Requests for reprints: Giorgio Stassi, Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Liborio Giuffrè 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy. Phone: 39-091-6553211; Fax: 39-091-6553294; E-mail: gstassi{at}tiscali.it or Ruggero De Maria, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Phone: 39-06-49903121; Fax: 39-06-49387087; E-mail: rdemaria{at}tin.it.

Although CD95 and its ligand are expressed in thyroid cancer, the tumor cell mass does not seem to be affected by such expression. We have recently shown that thyroid carcinomas produce interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, which promote resistance to chemotherapy through the up-regulation of Bcl-xL. Here, we show that freshly purified thyroid cancer cells were completely refractory to CD95-induced apoptosis despite the consistent expression of Fas-associated death domain and caspase-8. The analysis of potential molecules able to prevent caspase-8 activation in thyroid cancer cells revealed a remarkable up-regulation of cellular FLIP_L (cFLIP_L) and PED/PEA-15, two antiapoptotic proteins whose exogenous expression in normal thyrocytes inhibited the death-inducing signaling complex of CD95. Additionally, small interfering RNA FLIP and PED antisense sensitized thyroid cancer cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis. Exposure of normal thyrocytes to IL-4 and IL-10 potently up-regulated cFLIP and PED/PEA-15, suggesting that these cytokines are responsible for thyroid cancer cell resistance to CD95 stimulation. Moreover, treatment with neutralizing antibodies against IL-4 and IL-10 or exogenous expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 of thyroid cancer cells resulted in cFLIP and PED/PEA-15 down-regulation and CD95 sensitization. More importantly, prolonged IL-4 and IL-10 neutralization induced cancer cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, which were prevented by blocking antibodies against CD95 ligand. Altogether, autocrine production of IL-4 and IL-10 neutralizes CD95-generated signals and allows survival and growth of thyroid cancer cells. Thus, IL-4 and IL-10 may represent key targets for the treatment of thyroid cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(3): 1491-9)

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