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Common Cancer Biomarkers

¹ Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, ² Biometrics Research Branch, and ³ Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; ⁴ Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Oncology Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; ⁵ Boston Strategic Patterns, Boston, Massachusetts; ⁶ Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther King University Hall-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ⁷ Department of Gynecology and Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and ⁸ James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kansas

Requests for reprints: Ena Wang, NIH, Building 10, Room 1N224B, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184. Phone: 301-451-8501; Fax: 301-402-1360; E-mail: ewang{at}cc.nih.gov.

There is an increasing interest in complementing conventional histopathologic evaluation with molecular tools that could increase the sensitivity and specificity of cancer staging for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. This study strove to identify cancer-specific markers for the molecular detection of a broad range of cancer types. We used 373 archival samples inclusive of normal tissues of various lineages and benign or malignant tumors (predominantly colon, melanoma, ovarian, and esophageal cancers). All samples were processed identically and cohybridized with an identical reference RNA source to a custom-made cDNA array platform. The database was split into training (n = 201) and comparable prediction (n = 172) sets. Leave-one-out cross-validation and gene pairing analysis identified putative cancer biomarkers overexpressed by malignant lesions independent of tissue of derivation. In particular, seven gene pairs were identified with high predictive power (87%) in segregating malignant from benign lesions. Receiver operator characteristic curves based on the same genes could segregate malignant from benign tissues with 94% accuracy. The relevance of this study rests on the identification of a restricted number of biomarkers ubiquitously expressed by cancers of distinct histology. This has not been done before. These biomarkers could be used broadly to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of cancer staging and early detection of locoregional or systemic recurrence. Their selective expression by cancerous compared with paired normal tissues suggests an association with the oncogenic process resulting in stable expression during disease progression when the presently used differentiation markers are unreliable. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 2953-61)

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