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Colon Cancer Cell–Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor- Mediates the Tumor Growth–Promoting Response in Macrophages by Up-regulating the Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Pathway

¹ Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria and ² Department of Immunology, Molecular Medicine Group, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway

Requests for reprints: Seyedhossein Aharinejad, Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Waehringerstrasse 13, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Phone: 431-4277-61119; Fax: 431-4277-61120; E-mail: seyedhossein.aharinejad{at}meduniwien.ac.at.

The interplay between malignant and stromal cells is essential in tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A production by stromal cells is enhanced by CSF-1–negative SW620 colon cancer cells. In the present study, the mechanisms by which colon cancer cells up-regulate host factors to promote tumorigenesis were investigated. Profiling of tumor cell cytokine expression in SW620 tumor xenografts in nude mice showed increased human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- mRNA expression with tumor growth. Incubation of macrophages with small interfering (si) RNAs directed against TNF- or TNF-–depleted SW620 cell conditioned medium versus SW620 cell conditioned medium failed to support mouse macrophage proliferation, migration, and expression of CSF-1, VEGF-A, and MMP-2 mRNAs. Consistent with these results, human TNF- gene silencing decreased mouse macrophage TNF-, CSF-1, MMP-2, and VEGF-A mRNA expression in macrophages cocultured with human cancer cells. In addition, inhibition of human TNF- or mouse CSF-1 expression by siRNA reduced tumor growth in SW620 tumor xenografts in mice. These results suggest that colon cancer cell–derived TNF- stimulates TNF- and CSF-1 production by macrophages, and that CSF-1, in turn, induces macrophage VEGF-A and MMP-2 in an autocrine manner. Thus, interrupting tumor cell–macrophage communication by targeting TNF- may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of colon cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(3):1038–45]

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