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Transient Inhibition of ATM Kinase Is Sufficient to Enhance Cellular Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation

¹ Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee and ² Pfizer Research Technology Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Requests for reprints: Michael B. Kastan, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105. Phone: 901-495-3968; Fax: 901-495-3966; E-mail: Michael.Kastan{at}stjude.org.

Key Words: ATM • ATR • Chk1 • Chk2 • DNA damage • IR-sensitivity • G₂-arrest • checkpoints

In response to DNA damage, the ATM protein kinase activates signal transduction pathways essential for coordinating cell cycle progression with DNA repair. In the human disease ataxia-telangiectasia, mutation of the ATM gene results in multiple cellular defects, including enhanced sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). This phenotype highlights ATM as a potential target for novel inhibitors that could be used to enhance tumor cell sensitivity to radiotherapy. A targeted compound library was screened for potential inhibitors of the ATM kinase, and CP466722 was identified. The compound is nontoxic and does not inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or PI3K-like protein kinase family members in cells. CP466722 inhibited cellular ATM-dependent phosphorylation events and disruption of ATM function resulted in characteristic cell cycle checkpoint defects. Inhibition of cellular ATM kinase activity was rapidly and completely reversed by removing CP466722. Interestingly, clonogenic survival assays showed that transient inhibition of ATM is sufficient to sensitize cells to IR and suggests that therapeutic radiosensitization may only require ATM inhibition for short periods of time. The ability of CP466722 to rapidly and reversibly regulate ATM activity provides a new tool to ask questions about ATM function that could not easily be addressed using genetic models or RNA interference technologies. [Cancer Res 2008;68(18):7466–74]

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