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Genotoxic Stress–Induced Expression of p53 and Apoptosis in Leukemic Clam Hemocytes with Cytoplasmically Sequestered p53

Department of Zoology, Center for Marine Biology and Marine Biomedical Research Group, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

Requests for reprints: Charles Walker, Department of Zoology, Center for Marine Biology and Marine Biomedical Research Group, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824. Phone: 603-862-2111; Fax: 603-862-3784; E-mail: cwwalker{at}christa.unh.edu.

Key Words: Cytoplasmic sequestration • p53 • topoisomerase poisons • mortalin • genotoxic stress

In nature, the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, develops a fatal blood cancer in which a highly conserved homologue for wild-type human p53 protein is rendered nonfunctional by cytoplasmic sequestration. In untreated leukemic clam hemocytes, p53 is complexed throughout the cytoplasm with overexpressed variants for both clam homologues (full-length variant, 1,200-fold and truncated variant, 620-fold above normal clam hemocytes) of human mortalin, an Hsp70 family protein. In vitro treatment with etoposide only and in vivo treatment with either etoposide or mitoxantrone induces DNA damage, elevates expression (600-fold) and promotes nuclear translocation of p53, and results in apoptosis of leukemic clam hemocytes. Pretreatment with wheat germ agglutinin followed by etoposide treatment induces DNA damage and elevates p53 expression (893-fold) but does not overcome cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 or induce apoptosis. We show that leukemic clam hemocytes have an intact p53 pathway, and that maintenance of this tumor phenotype requires nuclear absence of p53, resulting from its localization in the cytoplasm of leukemic clam hemocytes. The effects of these topoisomerase II poisons may result as mortalin-based cytoplasmic tethering is overwhelmed by de novo expression of p53 protein after DNA damage induced by genotoxic stress. Soft shell clam leukemia provides excellent in vivo and in vitro models for developing genotoxic and nongenotoxic cancer therapies for reactivating p53 transcription in human and other animal cancers displaying mortalin-based cytoplasmic sequestration of the p53 tumor suppressor, such as colorectal cancers and primary and secondary glioblastomas, though not apparently leukemias or lymphomas. [Cancer Res 2008;68(3):777–82]