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Double-Strand Break Damage and Associated DNA Repair Genes Predispose Smokers to Gene Methylation

¹ Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute; ² Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico; ³ New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, New Mexico and ⁴ Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

Requests for reprints: Steven A. Belinsky, Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive Southeast, Albuquerque, NM 87108. Phone: 505-348-9465; Fax: 505-348-4990; E-mail: sbelinsk{at}LRRI.org.

Key Words: promoter methylation • DNA double-strand break • single nucleotide polymorphism • DNA repair capacity • association study

Gene promoter hypermethylation in sputum is a promising biomarker for predicting lung cancer. Identifying factors that predispose smokers to methylation of multiple gene promoters in the lung could affect strategies for early detection and chemoprevention. This study evaluated the hypothesis that double-strand break (DSB) repair capacity and sequence variation in genes in this pathway are associated with a high methylation index in a cohort of current and former cancer-free smokers. A 50% reduction in the mean level of DSB repair capacity was seen in lymphocytes from smokers with a high methylation index, defined as three or more of eight genes methylated in sputum, compared with smokers with no genes methylated. The classification accuracy for predicting risk for methylation was 88%. Single nucleotide polymorphisms within the MRE11A, CHEK2, XRCC3, DNA-PKc, and NBN DNA repair genes were highly associated with the methylation index. A 14.5-fold increased odds for high methylation was seen for persons with seven or more risk alleles of these genes. Promoter activity of the MRE11A gene that plays a critical role in recognition of DNA damage and activation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated was reduced in persons with the risk allele. Collectively, ours is the first population-based study to identify DSB DNA repair capacity and specific genes within this pathway as critical determinants for gene methylation in sputum, which is, in turn, associated with elevated risk for lung cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):3049–56]