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Effective Immunotherapy against Murine Gliomas Using Type 1 Polarizing Dendritic Cells—Significant Roles of CXCL10

Departments of ¹ Neurological Surgery, ² Surgery, ³ Dermatology, ⁴ Immunology, and ⁵ Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; ⁶ Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; ⁷ Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Requests for reprints: Hideho Okada, G12a Research Pavilion at Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Phone: 412-623-1111; Fax: 412-623-4747; E-mail: okadah{at}upmc.edu.

Key Words: dendritic cells • cancer vaccines • type 1 immune response • glioma • tumor immunity • chemokine

In an attempt to develop effective vaccines against central nervous system (CNS) tumors, we evaluated the ability of vaccines with standard dendritic cells (DC) versus type 1 polarizing DCs (DC1) to induce glioma-specific type 1 CTLs with CNS tumor-relevant homing properties and the mechanism of their action. C57BL/6 mouse–derived bone marrow cells were cultured with mouse granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for 6 days, and CD11c⁺ cells were subsequently cultured with GM-CSF, rmIFN-, rmIFN-, rmIL-4, and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose for 24 hours to generate DC1s. In analogy to their human counterparts, mouse DC1s exhibited surface marker profiles of mature DCs and produced high levels of IL-12 and CXCL10. Importantly for their application as cancer vaccines, such DC1s stably retained their type 1 phenotype even when exposed to type 2–promoting or regulatory T cell (Treg)–promoting environments. Consistently, mouse DC1s induced antigen-specific type 1 CTLs more efficiently than nonpolarized DCs in vitro. DC1s given s.c. migrated into draining lymph nodes, induced antigen-specific CTLs, and suppressed Treg accumulation. In addition, s.c. immunization with DC1s loaded with glioma-associated antigen (GAA)–derived CTL epitope peptides prolonged the survival of CNS GL261 glioma-bearing mice, which was associated with efficient CNS glioma homing of antigen-specific CTLs. Intratumoral injections of GAA peptide-loaded DC1s further enhanced the anti-CNS glioma effects of DC1-based s.c. immunization. Interestingly, the antitumor functions were abrogated with CXCL10^–/– mouse–derived DC1s. Collectively, these findings show the anti-CNS glioma effects of DC1-based therapy and a novel role of CXCL10 in the immunologic and therapeutic activity of DC-based cancer vaccines. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1587–95]