| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Experimental Therapeutics |
ProScript, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 [J. A., V. J. P., A. D., D. D. L., C. S. P., P. J. E.]; Hoechst Marion Roussel, D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [J. M.]; Hoechst Marion Roussel, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807 [S. P.]; and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [E. A. S., J. J.]
| ABSTRACT |
|---|
|
|
|---|
| INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
|
|---|
The proteasome is also required for activation of NF-
B by degradation of its inhibitory protein, I
B (5)
. NF-
B is required, in part, to maintain cell viability through the transcription of inhibitors of apoptosis, in response to environmental stress or cytotoxic agents (6, 7, 8, 9)
. Stabilization of the I
B protein and blockade of NF-
B activity has been demonstrated to make cells more susceptible to apoptosis (6, 7, 8)
. Furthermore, NF-
B has also been implicated in controlling the cell surface expression of adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (10
, 11)
. These cell adhesion molecules are involved in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo (12)
. During metastasis, these molecules direct the adhesion and extravasation of tumor cells to and from the vasculature to distant tissue sites.
Aberrant regulation of cell cycle proteins can result in accelerated and uncontrolled cell division, leading to tumorigenesis, cancer growth, and spread (12)
. Hence, proteasome inhibitors should arrest or retard cancer progression by interfering with the ordered, temporal degradation of these regulatory molecules. Inhibition of proteasome-mediated I
B degradation may limit metastasis via the attenuation of NF-
B-dependent cell adhesion molecule expression (10
, 11)
and make dividing cancer cells more sensitive to apoptosis (6, 7, 8)
. Thus, proteasome inhibitors could act through multiple mechanisms to arrest tumor growth, tumor spread, and angiogenesis, offering a novel approach to treating cancer. As such, it is understood that dosing regimens must be optimized to limit the effects of proteasome inhibition in noncancerous cells, thereby establishing a therapeutic index.
Here, we describe the development of a unique series of proteasome inhibitors that are potent, selective, and reversible. These compounds are dipeptide boronic acid analogues that inhibit the chymotryptic activity of the proteasome and, thereby, block activity of the enzyme. By attenuating the degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, such agents elicit multiple effects leading to the inhibition of tumor cell growth and to apoptosis. Importantly, the inhibitor potency (Ki) data correlate with the cytotoxicity profile against a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines in vitro as well as with in vivo antitumor activity in human xenograft models, supporting the mechanism of proteasome inhibition. Together, these results suggest that the mechanism of antineoplastic activity of the boronate class of compounds is unique and that proteasome inhibition represents a novel approach to the development of anticancer agents. The activity of PS-341, a representative of such compounds, was chosen to highlight the features of this novel drug class and is currently under Phase I clinical evaluation in advanced cancer patients.
| MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
|
|---|
Cell Cytotoxicity Assays.
The 60-cell line panel from the NCI has been described previously (15)
. Each cell line was exposed to the test proteasome inhibitor in five 10-fold dilutions for a period of 48 h. The growth and viability of the treated cells was compared with that of control cells by means of sulforhodamine B anionic dye staining. The results are reported as a series of bar graphs which depict the sensitivities of each cell line to the test agent at three levels of effect: 50% growth inhibition (GI50), total growth inhibition, and 50% cell kill (LC50). The mean drug concentration over all 60 cell lines was calculated for each of the parameters, and the variation from the mean for each cell line was plotted. The resulting "mean graphs" reflect the pattern of cell line sensitivity for each test agent and are often characteristic of the compounds mechanism of cytotoxicity. Compounds of like mechanisms tend to have similar patterns of cell line sensitivity. The COMPARE algorithm was used to assign uniqueness of the test agent (16)
. Activity of the boronate proteasome inhibitors was observed across a broad range of tumor types (non-small cell lung, colon, central nervous system, melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate and breast), including the prostate PC-3 cell line.
In additional experiments, human PC-3 prostate tumor cells were treated with PS-341 (in DMSO) for 2448 h in complete medium. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1%. Cytotoxicity was measured using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (17) .
Western Blot Analysis.
PC-3 cells were treated with different doses of PS-341 (in DMSO) for different periods of time as indicated on the figures. The final concentration of DMSO in the medium was 0.1%. Whole-cell extracts were prepared and analyzed by Western blots for the presence of p21, CDK-4 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and PARP (Biomol). The secondary antibodies (1:10,000) were horseradish peroxidase-donkey antirabbit (Amersham). The blots were developed with the ECL reagent (Amersham) according to the manufacturers instructions.
FACS Analysis.
PC-3 cells were plated in six-well plates (106 cells/well) and grown to confluence. The cells were treated with PS-341 (100 nM) for 8 h, washed, and harvested in PBS. The cells were fixed with 70% ethanol to give a final cell concentration of 3 x 106 cells/ml. The cells were then stained with propidium iodide and the cellular DNA content was analyzed by FACS analysis according to Noguchi (18)
.
Nuclear Staining.
PC-3 cells were treated with different doses of PS-341 for different periods of time. The cells were washed with PBS, harvested, and fixed in suspension with 3.7% formaldehyde in neutral buffer for 10 min at room temperature. The cells were centrifuged, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml of 80% ethanol. The cell suspension (2550 µl) was then placed onto a microscope slide precoated with poly-L-lysine and air-dried. The slides were washed four times with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. The slide was incubated with the DNA stain Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes; 1.0 µg/ml in PBS with 0.1% Triton-X-100) for 1.0 min. The slides were rinsed in PBS and mounted with 70% glycerol containing 25 mg/ml 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Nuclear staining was visualized using a fluorescent microscope.
Scintillation Counting.
Radiolabeled [14C]PS-341 (10 µCi/kg) was administered as an i.v. bolus to male mice bearing PC-3 tumors. Animals were sacrificed 1.0 h after treatment, whereupon blood and tissue samples were removed and levels of radioactivity determined using scintillation counting (Beckman).
Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography.
Radiolabeled [14C]PS-341 (0.056 MBq per animal) was administered as an i.v. bolus to male rats, which were subsequently sacrificed at 10 min, 1.0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h. Blood samples were taken at sacrifice, and levels of radioactivity were determined using combustion (Canberra-Packard system). Euthanized animals were then frozen, and sections were taken 96 h later through specific planes to identify organs of interest. Radioactivity levels in tissue were calculated using TINA software (Raytest, Straubenhard, Germany).
20S Proteasome Sample Preparation.
Heparinized blood was diluted 1:1 (v/v) with saline, layered over
1.0 ml of Nycoprep separation medium, and centrifuged at 500 x g for 30 min at room temperature. The WBC band was removed and washed with 3 ml of cold PBS and then centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 min at 4°C. The resulting pellet was resuspended in
1.0 ml of cold PBS and microcentrifuged at 6600 x g for 10 min at 4°C. The cell pellet was then frozen at -80°C prior to 20S proteasome analysis. WBCs prepared above were lysed with EDTA (5 mM; pH 8.0) for 1.0 h and then centrifuged at 6600 x g for 10 min at 4°C. Tumor samples were lysed as above and prepared in buffer (1.0 M DTT and 1.0 M HEPES) at 1.0 g/ml and centrifuged at 2200 x g for 15 min at 4°C. The resultant supernatants from both sample types were then used in the assay.
Fluorometric 20S Proteasome Assay.
Cell or tissue sample homogenate (5 µl) was added to 2 ml of substrate buffer (20 mM HEPES, 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.035% SDS, and 60 µM Ys substrate; pH 8.0, 37°C), and the rate of substrate cleavage/20S proteasome activity was determined. Succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Amido-4-methyl-coumarin (Ys substrate) was obtained from Bachem. Other reagents were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). The protein content of the samples was determined using a Coomassie protein assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL).
Animals.
Male nude mice (1820 g; n = 51), were obtained from the NCI (Bethesda, MD). Animals were observed for at least 1 week and examined for general health before study initiation. Animals used in these studies were asymptomatic and were housed five per cage in the animal facility at ProScript. Pellets of standard rodent chow (formula 5001; Purina, St. Louis, MO) were available ad libitum throughout the observation and study periods. Cambridge city tap water was provided by water bottles ad libitum. Male Sprague Dawley rats (200210 g) were purchased from Charles River (Germany) and housed in the animal facility at Hoechst (Frankfurt am Main, Germany). Rats were fed milled diet (Ssniff Spezialdiaten GmbH, Soest, Germany) and allowed free access to tap water ad libitum. Fluorescent lighting was controlled automatically in both facilities to provide alternate light and dark cycles of
12 h each. Temperature and humidity were centrally controlled and recorded daily.
Xenograft Procedures.
PS-341 drug substance was synthesized at ProScript, Inc. (Cambridge, MA). Dose formulations of PS-341 were prepared daily during the course of the in vivo studies and were administered in vehicle i.v. using a dose volume of 100 µl per mouse or directly into the tumor in a 10 µl volume. Control groups were administered with the vehicle [98% saline (0.9%), 2% ethanol, and 0.1% ascorbic acid]. Due to the comparatively high levels of PS-341 in the prostate, after i.v. dosing of radiolabeled drug, it was decided to examine the effects of this novel compound in the prostate, PC-3, xenograft tumor model. Animals were treated when the tumors became palpable (>300 mm3). Studies were performed according to Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee-approved procedures. Tumor volumes were calculated from the equation below using caliper measurements taken twice a week:
![]() |
Statistical Analysis.
Tumor volume data were analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Dunnetts t test, for which P < 0.05 was deemed significant using a two-tailed test.
| RESULTS |
|---|
|
|
|---|
|
|
0.1 µM (data not shown).
In the NCI in vitro screen the prostate tumor PC-3 cell line (22)
was shown to be sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of PS-341. To examine the potential mechanism(s) of proteasome inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity, PS-341 was studied in detail in this prostate cell line. Numerous proteins control cell cycle progression, including the tumor suppressor p53 and the CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 (12)
. PC-3 cells are p53 null (23)
, and hence, this protein is not required for PS-341-induced cytotoxicity in this cell line. In fact, PS-341 was demonstrated to be cytotoxic in multiple cell lines in the NCI screen, independent of p53 status (data not shown). Protein levels of p21 were measured to exemplify the activity of PS-341 in cells. Although very little p21 protein was detected in untreated cells, levels were significantly increased with 10 nM PS-341 (Fig. 2A)
occurring 24 h after drug addition. The increase in p21 protein levels could be detected 4 h after PS-341 treatment (data not shown). The increase in p21 led to an inhibition in the activity but not the levels of CDK-4 after 8 h (data not shown).
|
Inhibiting the degradation of key cell cycle regulatory proteins causes a disparity in the proliferative signals and can eventually lead to apoptosis. Indeed, nonselective proteasome inhibitors can arrest cell growth and activate apoptosis (26
, 27)
. Thus, the effect of PS-341 on cell viability was evaluated. The PS-341 doses at which 50% of PC-3 cells were killed at 24 and 48 h were determined to be 100 and 20 nM, respectively (Fig. 2C)
. Moreover, nuclear condensation was noted 1624 h after the addition of PS-341 (
100500 nM; data not shown). Activation of caspases occurs in cells undergoing apoptosis, and cleavage of PARP is used as an indicator of apoptosis (28)
. Additional studies showed that PS-341 treatment leads to PARP cleavage in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 3A)
, with concentrations as low as 100 nM being effective at 24 h (Fig. 3B)
, demonstrating that PS-341 initiates apoptosis in PC-3 cells. However, because PARP cleavage and nuclear DNA condensation were not apparent until 16 h, a time after which growth arrest was apparent, the data indicate that growth arrest precedes apoptosis and cytotoxicity.
|
60% (P < 0.05), as determined by measurement of tumor volume. The lower dose of PS-341 (0.3 mg/kg) produced a 16% decrease in tumor volume but did not reach significance (Fig. 4A)
|
|
|
|
| DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
|
|---|
The development of selective and potent proteasome inhibitors was based upon the above concept, with the aim of arresting uncontrolled proliferation of tumors through a multitude of mechanisms. Proteasome-induced cytotoxicity could potentially result from multiple events, including the stabilization and deregulated function of cyclins, CDK inhibitors, tumor suppressor proteins, I
B, and a large number of other proteins associated with cell cycle progression. Our report highlights the capacity of proteasome inhibitors to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of the proteasome and illustrates that these effects occur in a broad range of tumor cells.
Analysis of the inhibition data in the NCI cell line panel indicates that the proteasome inhibitors have potent and wide-ranging antitumor activity with a unique pattern of tumor inhibition, as judged by the COMPARE program (16) . Further demonstration of the utility of such compounds is evidenced by their activity in the NCI hollow fiber assays. Using the NCI screens to identify candidate agents with antitumor activity, without the prerequisite for extensive metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies, was instrumental in the rapid development of this unique class of chemotherapeutic agents. Results from mechanistic studies in the PC-3 tumor with PS-341, a representative of this new class of agents, exemplifies their activity in vitro to arrest cell cycle progression and cause apoptosis.
At doses that are permissive to animals, i.v. treatment of PS-341 can suppress tumor growth in many murine and human xenograft tumors. Here, we focused on the PC-3 xenograft and clearly showed the potent antitumor effects of PS-341 when it is given as a weekly i.v. treatment. PS-341 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the tumor volume in these studies, although distribution of the compound to the skin is limited. The activity of PS-341 in orthotopic tumor models is currently being evaluated. However, as a proof-of-concept study, direct administration of PS-341 into the PC-3 tumor induced a dramatic decrease in tumor burden and actually produced a 40% cure rate, clearly highlighting the potential for such compounds in cancer therapy.
Due to the novel nature of proteasome inhibitors as therapeutics, it was decided to undertake a full toxicological evaluation of PS-341, not only in rodents but in the highest species possible, primates. On the basis of these studies, maximum tolerated doses and side effect profiles of PS-341 were established. The main adverse effect noted in both species was gastrointestinal toxicity as anticipated from the distribution studies. In primates, this was seen as a decrease in food intake (anorexia), emesis, and diarrhea, which all occurred in a dose-related manner. No other signs of toxicity were noted in these studies, although full clinical chemistry, hematology, and microscopic analysis of over 40 tissues were examined. Modest effects of PS-341 were seen in the spleen and the thymus, where lymphocytic depletion was reported. These findings are not unexpected because there are reports in the literature with other proteasome inhibitors showing that they regulate T-cell proliferation (32) . Of interest, PS-341 did not induce bone marrow toxicity, suggesting that it either does not affect hematopoetic cells here or that it has limited access to such cells.
The ex vivo 20S proteasome assay will be invaluable not only to follow the pharmacodynamics of PS-341 but also to help in early clinical trials to evaluate its effectiveness at its biochemical target, the proteasome, and its intended site, the tumor. The assay may also be used to correlate proteasome activity with toxicity to help determine dose escalation in clinical trials.
Although several reports document the cytotoxic effects of other less potent and nonselective proteasome inhibitors (26 , 27 , 30 , 31) , our findings represent the first attempt to systematically correlate proteasome inhibition potency with tumor cell killing using a novel, selective family of inhibitors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such agents are broadly active against multiple tumor cell types in vitro and in vivo. The full impact of the antitumor activity of PS-341 will be determined upon completion of the clinical trials.
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|---|
| FOOTNOTES |
|---|
1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at ProScript, Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139. Phone: (617) 374-1470; Fax: (617) 374-1477; E-mail: jadams{at}proscript.com ![]()
2 The abbreviations used are: CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; NF-
B, nuclear transcription factor-
B; NCI, National Cancer Institute; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; FACS, fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. ![]()
Received 12/16/98. Accepted 4/ 2/99.
| REFERENCES |
|---|
|
|
|---|
B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-
B. Cell, 78: 773-785, 1994.[Medline]
B in preventing TNF-
-induced cell death. Science (Washington DC), 274: 782-784, 1996.
-induced apoptosis by NF-
B. Science (Washington DC), 274: 787-789, 1996.
B. Science (Washington DC), 274: 784-787, 1996.
B control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 10057-10062, 1997.This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
M. Basler, C. Lauer, U. Beck, and M. Groettrup The Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Enhances the Susceptibility to Viral Infection J. Immunol., November 15, 2009; 183(10): 6145 - 6150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. H. Chung, J. Aulino, N. J. Muldowney, H. Hatakeyama, J. Baumann, B. Burkey, J. Netterville, R. Sinard, W. G. Yarbrough, A. J. Cmelak, et al. Nuclear factor-kappa B pathway and response in a phase II trial of bortezomib and docetaxel in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Ann. Onc., October 22, 2009; (2009) mdp390v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Colland, E. Formstecher, X. Jacq, C. Reverdy, C. Planquette, S. Conrath, V. Trouplin, J. Bianchi, V. N. Aushev, J. Camonis, et al. Small-molecule inhibitor of USP7/HAUSP ubiquitin protease stabilizes and activates p53 in cells Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2009; 8(8): 2286 - 2295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. KUSUMOTO, T. SUGIYAMA, K. ANDO, T. HOSAKA, H. ISHIDA, T. SHIRAI, T. YAMAOKA, K. OKUDA, T. HIROSE, T. OHNISHI, et al. Combination Effect between Bortezomib and Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} on Gefitinib-resistant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines Anticancer Res, June 1, 2009; 29(6): 2315 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Milani, T. Rzymski, H. R. Mellor, L. Pike, A. Bottini, D. Generali, and A. L. Harris The Role of ATF4 Stabilization and Autophagy in Resistance of Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Bortezomib Cancer Res., May 15, 2009; 69(10): 4415 - 4423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Rajagopalan, A. Y. Tilahun, Y. W. Asmann, and C. S. David Early gene expression changes induced by the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B and its modulation by a proteasome inhibitor Physiol Genomics, May 13, 2009; 37(3): 279 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
U. VALENTINER, C. HAANE, N. NEHMANN, and U. SCHUMACHER Effects of Bortezomib on Human Neuroblastoma Cells In Vitro and in a Metastatic Xenograft Model Anticancer Res, April 1, 2009; 29(4): 1219 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Meissner, G. Reichenbach, M. Stein, I. Hrgovic, R. Kaufmann, and J. Gille Down-regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Is a Major Molecular Determinant of Proteasome Inhibitor-Mediated Antiangiogenic Action in Endothelial Cells Cancer Res., March 1, 2009; 69(5): 1976 - 1984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. H. Kesarwala, M. M. Samrakandi, and D. Piwnica-Worms Proteasome Inhibition Blocks Ligand-Induced Dynamic Processing and Internalization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor via Altered Receptor Ubiquitination and Phosphorylation Cancer Res., February 1, 2009; 69(3): 976 - 983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. A. Luster, J. A. Carrell, K. McCormick, D. Sun, and R. Humphreys Mapatumumab and lexatumumab induce apoptosis in TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 antibody-resistant NSCLC cell lines when treated in combination with bortezomib Mol. Cancer Ther., February 1, 2009; 8(2): 292 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Lin, C. Tsu, L. Dick, X. K. Zhou, and C. Nathan Distinct Specificities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mammalian Proteasomes for N-Acetyl Tripeptide Substrates J. Biol. Chem., December 5, 2008; 283(49): 34423 - 34431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Shen, W.-Y. Au, K.-Y. Wong, N. Shimizu, J. Tsuchiyama, Y.-L. Kwong, R. H. Liang, and G. Srivastava Cell death by bortezomib-induced mitotic catastrophe in natural killer lymphoma cells Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2008; 7(12): 3807 - 3815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Briguet, M. Erb, I. Courdier-Fruh, P. Barzaghi, G. Santos, H. Herzner, C. Lescop, H. Siendt, M. Henneboehle, P. Weyermann, et al. Effect of calpain and proteasome inhibition on Ca2+-dependent proteolysis and muscle histopathology in the mdx mouse FASEB J, December 1, 2008; 22(12): 4190 - 4200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Marten, N. Zeiss, S. Serba, S. Mehrle, M. von Lilienfeld-Toal, and J. Schmidt Bortezomib is ineffective in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma Mol. Cancer Ther., November 1, 2008; 7(11): 3624 - 3631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Celik, S. Hascalik, K. Elter, M.E. Tagluk, B. Gurates, and N.E. Aydin Combating endometriosis by blocking proteasome and nuclear factor-{kappa}B pathways Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2008; 23(11): 2458 - 2465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. B. Lesinski, E. T. Raig, K. Guenterberg, L. Brown, M. R. Go, N. N. Shah, A. Lewis, M. Quimper, E. Hade, G. Young, et al. IFN-{alpha} and Bortezomib Overcome Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 Overexpression in Melanoma Cells by Stimulating the Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis Cancer Res., October 15, 2008; 68(20): 8351 - 8360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Milacic, S. Banerjee, K. R. Landis-Piwowar, F. H. Sarkar, A. P.N. Majumdar, and Q. P. Dou Curcumin Inhibits the Proteasome Activity in Human Colon Cancer Cells In vitro and In vivo Cancer Res., September 15, 2008; 68(18): 7283 - 7292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. L. Schilsky, G. Gordon, T. M. Gilmer, S. A. Courtneidge, L. M. Matrisian, O. Grad, W. G. Nelson, and on behalf of the Translational Research Working Gr The Translational Research Working Group Developmental Pathway for Anticancer Agents (Drugs or Biologics) Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2008; 14(18): 5685 - 5691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Shang, Y. Mao, J. Batson, S. J. Scales, G. Phillips, M. R. Lackner, K. Totpal, S. Williams, J. Yang, Z. Tang, et al. Antixenograft tumor activity of a humanized anti-insulin-like growth factor-I receptor monoclonal antibody is associated with decreased AKT activation and glucose uptake Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2008; 7(9): 2599 - 2608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Markovina, N. S. Callander, S. L. O'Connor, J. Kim, J. E. Werndli, M. Raschko, C. P. Leith, B. S. Kahl, K. Kim, and S. Miyamoto Bortezomib-Resistant Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Activity in Multiple Myeloma Cells Mol. Cancer Res., August 1, 2008; 6(8): 1356 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Gu, X. Chen, G. Gao, and H. Dong Caspase-2 functions upstream of mitochondria in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by bortezomib in human myeloma cells Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2008; 7(8): 2298 - 2307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. A. Poff, C. T. Allen, B. Traughber, A. Colunga, J. Xie, Z. Chen, B. J. Wood, C. Van Waes, K. C. P. Li, and V. Frenkel Pulsed High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Enhances Apoptosis and Growth Inhibition of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenografts with Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib Radiology, August 1, 2008; 248(2): 485 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Z. Chen, J. L. Ricker, P. S. Malhotra, L. Nottingham, L. Bagain, T. L. Lee, N. T. Yeh, and C. Van Waes Differential bortezomib sensitivity in head and neck cancer lines corresponds to proteasome, nuclear factor-{kappa}B and activator protein-1 related mechanisms Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2008; 7(7): 1949 - 1960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Shanker, A. D. Brooks, C. A. Tristan, J. W. Wine, P. J. Elliott, H. Yagita, K. Takeda, M. J. Smyth, W. J. Murphy, and T. J. Sayers Treating Metastatic Solid Tumors With Bortezomib and a Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor Agonist Antibody J Natl Cancer Inst, May 7, 2008; 100(9): 649 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Uddin, M. Ahmed, P. Bavi, R. El-Sayed, N. Al-Sanea, A. AbdulJabbar, L. H. Ashari, S. Alhomoud, F. Al-Dayel, A. R. Hussain, et al. Bortezomib (Velcade) Induces p27Kip1 Expression through S-Phase Kinase Protein 2 Degradation in Colorectal Cancer Cancer Res., May 1, 2008; 68(9): 3379 - 3388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. M Voorhees, E C. Dees, B. O'Neil, and R. Z Orlowski The Proteasome as a Target for Cancer Therapy Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book, April 12, 2008; 2008(1): 153 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Z. Orlowski and D. J. Kuhn Proteasome Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Lessons from the First Decade Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2008; 14(6): 1649 - 1657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. A. Kyle and S. V. Rajkumar Multiple myeloma Blood, March 15, 2008; 111(6): 2962 - 2972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Huang, E. Patterson, X. Yu, M. W. Garrett, I. De Aos, and D. C. Kem Proteasome inhibition 1 h following ischemia protects GRK2 and prevents malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD in a model of myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): H1298 - H1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Yu, B. B. Friday, L. Yang, P. Atadja, D. Wigle, J. Sarkaria, and A. A. Adjei Mitochondrial Bax translocation partially mediates synergistic cytotoxicity between histone deacetylase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors in glioma cells Neuro-oncol, January 1, 2008; 10(3): 309 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Zhang, A. J. Paterson, P. Huang, K. Wang, and J. E. Kudlow Metabolic Control of Proteasome Function Physiology, December 1, 2007; 22(6): 373 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Sartore-Bianchi, F. Gasparri, A. Galvani, L. Nici, J. W. Darnowski, D. Barbone, D. A. Fennell, G. Gaudino, C. Porta, and L. Mutti Bortezomib Inhibits Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Dependent Survival and Has Potent In vivo Activity in Mesothelioma Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 13(19): 5942 - 5951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Murakawa, E. Sonoda, L. J. Barber, W. Zeng, K. Yokomori, H. Kimura, A. Niimi, A. Lehmann, G. Y. Zhao, H. Hochegger, et al. Inhibitors of the Proteasome Suppress Homologous DNA Recombination in Mammalian Cells Cancer Res., September 15, 2007; 67(18): 8536 - 8543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Cilloni, G. Martinelli, F. Messa, M. Baccarani, and G. Saglio Nuclear factor {kappa}B as a target for new drug development in myeloid malignancies Haematologica, September 1, 2007; 92(9): 1224 - 1229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. H. Witola and C. Ben Mamoun Choline Induces Transcriptional Repression and Proteasomal Degradation of the Malarial Phosphoethanolamine Methyltransferase Eukaryot. Cell, September 1, 2007; 6(9): 1618 - 1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Peng, J. Brain, Y. Hu, A. Goodrich, L. Kong, D. Grayzel, R. Pak, M. Read, and S. Li Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 prolongs survival of mice with BCR-ABL-T315I-induced leukemia and suppresses leukemic stem cells Blood, July 15, 2007; 110(2): 678 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. D. Demo, C. J. Kirk, M. A. Aujay, T. J. Buchholz, M. Dajee, M. N. Ho, J. Jiang, G. J. Laidig, E. R. Lewis, F. Parlati, et al. Antitumor Activity of PR-171, a Novel Irreversible Inhibitor of the Proteasome Cancer Res., July 1, 2007; 67(13): 6383 - 6391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Shen, W.-Y. Au, T. Guo, K.-Y. Wong, M. L. Wong, J. Tsuchiyama, P.-W. Yuen, Y.-L. Kwong, R. H. Liang, and G. Srivastava Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib-induced apoptosis in natural killer (NK)-cell leukemia and lymphoma: an in vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 469 - 470. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Voortman, E. F. Smit, R. Honeywell, B. C. Kuenen, G. J. Peters, H. van de Velde, and G. Giaccone A Parallel Dose-Escalation Study of Weekly and Twice-Weekly Bortezomib in Combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in the First-Line Treatment of Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2007; 13(12): 3642 - 3651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Kashkar, A. Deggerich, J.-M. Seeger, B. Yazdanpanah, K. Wiegmann, D. Haubert, C. Pongratz, and M. Kronke NF-{kappa}B-independent down-regulation of XIAP by bortezomib sensitizes HL B cells against cytotoxic drugs Blood, May 1, 2007; 109(9): 3982 - 3988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. M. Horton, D. Pati, S. E. Plon, P. A. Thompson, L. R. Bomgaars, P. C. Adamson, A. M. Ingle, J. Wright, A. H. Brockman, M. Paton, et al. A Phase 1 Study of the Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Pediatric Patients with Refractory Leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group Study Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2007; 13(5): 1516 - 1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J.-P. Armand, A. K. Burnett, J. Drach, J.-L. Harousseau, B. Lowenberg, and J. San Miguel The Emerging Role of Targeted Therapy for Hematologic Malignancies: Update on Bortezomib and Tipifarnib Oncologist, March 1, 2007; 12(3): 281 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Dreicer, D. Petrylak, D. Agus, I. Webb, and B. Roth Phase I/II Study of Bortezomib Plus Docetaxel in Patients with Advanced Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2007; 13(4): 1208 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Ausseil, A. Samson, Y. Aussagues, I. Vandenberghe, L. Creancier, I. Pouny, A. Kruczynski, G. Massiot, and C. Bailly High-Throughput Bioluminescence Screening of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Inhibitors from Chemical and Natural Sources J Biomol Screen, February 1, 2007; 12(1): 106 - 116. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Gallery, J. L. Blank, Y. Lin, J. A. Gutierrez, J. C. Pulido, D. Rappoli, S. Badola, M. Rolfe, and K. J. MacBeth The JAMM motif of human deubiquitinase Poh1 is essential for cell viability Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2007; 6(1): 262 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A Belch, C. Kouroukis, M Crump, L Sehn, R. Gascoyne, R Klasa, J Powers, J Wright, and E. Eisenhauer A phase II study of bortezomib in mantle cell lymphoma: the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group trial IND.150 Ann. Onc., January 1, 2007; 18(1): 116 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. H. Lang, D. Huber, and R. A. Frost Burn-induced increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in skeletal muscle is glucocorticoid independent but downregulated by IGF-I Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R328 - R336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Papageorgiou, A. Kamat, W. F. Benedict, C. Dinney, and D. J. McConkey Combination therapy with IFN-{alpha} plus bortezomib induces apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in human bladder cancer cells Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2006; 5(12): 3032 - 3041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. J. Williamson, J. L. Blank, F. J. Bruzzese, Y. Cao, J. S. Daniels, L. R. Dick, J. Labutti, A. M. Mazzola, A. D. Patil, C. L. Reimer, et al. Comparison of biochemical and biological effects of ML858 (salinosporamide A) and bortezomib Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2006; 5(12): 3052 - 3061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Cardoso, V. Durbecq, J.-F. Laes, B. Badran, L. Lagneaux, F. Bex, C. Desmedt, K. Willard-Gallo, J. S. Ross, A. Burny, et al. Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade) increases the efficacy of trastuzumab (Herceptin) in HER-2-positive breast cancer cells in a synergistic manner Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2006; 5(12): 3042 - 3051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. P. Fanucchi, F. V. Fossella, R. Belt, R. Natale, P. Fidias, D. P. Carbone, R. Govindan, L. E. Raez, F. Robert, M. Ribeiro, et al. Randomized Phase II Study of Bortezomib Alone and Bortezomib in Combination With Docetaxel in Previously Treated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2006; 24(31): 5025 - 5033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Chen, Q. C. Cui, H. Yang, and Q. P. Dou Disulfiram, a Clinically Used Anti-Alcoholism Drug and Copper-Binding Agent, Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cultures and Xenografts via Inhibition of the Proteasome Activity Cancer Res., November 1, 2006; 66(21): 10425 - 10433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Milacic, D. Chen, L. Ronconi, K. R. Landis-Piwowar, D. Fregona, and Q. P. Dou A Novel Anticancer Gold(III) Dithiocarbamate Compound Inhibits the Activity of a Purified 20S Proteasome and 26S Proteasome in Human Breast Cancer Cell Cultures and Xenografts Cancer Res., November 1, 2006; 66(21): 10478 - 10486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Aleo, C. J. Henderson, A. Fontanini, B. Solazzo, and C. Brancolini Identification of new compounds that trigger apoptosome-independent caspase activation and apoptosis. Cancer Res., September 15, 2006; 66(18): 9235 - 9244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. G. Mimnaugh, W. Xu, M. Vos, X. Yuan, and L. Neckers Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuolization and Valosin-Containing Protein Relocalization Result from Simultaneous Hsp90 Inhibition by Geldanamycin and Proteasome Inhibition by Velcade Mol. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 4(9): 667 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Yu, B. B. Friday, J.-P. Lai, L. Yang, J. Sarkaria, N. E. Kay, C. A. Carter, L. R. Roberts, S. H. Kaufmann, and A. A. Adjei Cytotoxic synergy between the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vitro: induction of apoptosis through Akt and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways. Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2006; 5(9): 2378 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Brignole, D. Marimpietri, F. Pastorino, B. Nico, D. Di Paolo, M. Cioni, F. Piccardi, M. Cilli, A. Pezzolo, M. V. Corrias, et al. Effect of bortezomib on human neuroblastoma cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst, August 16, 2006; 98(16): 1142 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Mlynarczuk-Bialy, H. Roeckmann, U. Kuckelkorn, B. Schmidt, S. Umbreen, J. Golab, A. Ludwig, C. Montag, L. Wiebusch, C. Hagemeier, et al. Combined effect of proteasome and calpain inhibition on Cisplatin-resistant human melanoma cells. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 66(15): 7598 - 7605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Leiba, L. Cahalon, A. Shimoni, O. Lider, A. Zanin-Zhorov, I. Hecht, U. Sela, I. Vlodavsky, and A. Nagler Halofuginone inhibits NF-{kappa}B and p38 MAPK in activated T cells J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2006; 80(2): 399 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. E. Canfield, K. Zhu, S. A. Williams, and D. J. McConkey Bortezomib inhibits docetaxel-induced apoptosis via a p21-dependent mechanism in human prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2006; 5(8): 2043 - 2050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Ruiz, Y. Krupnik, M. Keating, J. Chandra, M. Palladino, and D. McConkey The proteasome inhibitor NPI-0052 is a more effective inducer of apoptosis than bortezomib in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2006; 5(7): 1836 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Achanta, A. Modzelewska, L. Feng, S. R. Khan, and P. Huang A Boronic-Chalcone Derivative Exhibits Potent Anticancer Activity through Inhibition of the Proteasome Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2006; 70(1): 426 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. A. Obeng, L. M. Carlson, D. M. Gutman, W. J. Harrington Jr, K. P. Lee, and L. H. Boise Proteasome inhibitors induce a terminal unfolded protein response in multiple myeloma cells Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4907 - 4916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Khan, J. K. Stauffer, R. Williams, J. A. Hixon, R. Salcedo, E. Lincoln, T. C. Back, D. Powell, S. Lockett, A. C. Arnold, et al. Proteasome Inhibition to Maximize the Apoptotic Potential of Cytokine Therapy for Murine Neuroblastoma Tumors J. Immunol., May 15, 2006; 176(10): 6302 - 6312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Strauss, L. Maharaj, S. Hoare, P. W. Johnson, J. A. Radford, S. Vinnecombe, L. Millard, A. Rohatiner, A. Boral, E. Trehu, et al. Bortezomib Therapy in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoma: Potential Correlation of In Vitro Sensitivity and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Response With Clinical Activity J. Clin. Oncol., May 1, 2006; 24(13): 2105 - 2112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. H. Yang, A. M. Gonzalez-Angulo, J. M. Reuben, D. J. Booser, L. Pusztai, S. Krishnamurthy, D. Esseltine, J. Stec, K. R. Broglio, R. Islam, et al. Bortezomib (VELCADE(R)) in metastatic breast cancer: pharmacodynamics, biological effects, and prediction of clinical benefits Ann. Onc., May 1, 2006; 17(5): 813 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. H. Y. Yeung, D.-C. Huang, and F. A. Sinicrope PS-341 (Bortezomib) Induces Lysosomal Cathepsin B Release and a Caspase-2-dependent Mitochondrial Permeabilization and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2006; 281(17): 11923 - 11932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. A. Sausville, A. M. Burger, O. J. Becher, and E. C. Holland Contributions of human tumor xenografts to anticancer drug development. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3351 - 3354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Bazzaro, M. K. Lee, A. Zoso, W. L.H. Stirling, A. Santillan, I.-M. Shih, and R. B.S. Roden Ubiquitin-proteasome system stress sensitizes ovarian cancer to proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3754 - 3763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. T. Nawrocki, J. S. Carew, M. S. Pino, R. A. Highshaw, R. H.I. Andtbacka, K. Dunner Jr., A. Pal, W. G. Bornmann, P. J. Chiao, P. Huang, et al. Aggresome disruption: a novel strategy to enhance bortezomib-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3773 - 3781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Sors, F. Jean-Louis, C. Pellet, L. Laroche, L. Dubertret, G. Courtois, H. Bachelez, and L. Michel Down-regulating constitutive activation of the NF-{kappa}B canonical pathway overcomes the resistance of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma to apoptosis Blood, March 15, 2006; 107(6): 2354 - 2363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. C. Beehler, P. G. Sleph, L. Benmassaoud, and G. J. Grover Reduction of skeletal muscle atrophy by a proteasome inhibitor in a rat model of denervation. Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2006; 231(3): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Chung, B. Zhou, X. Liu, L. Zhu, L. M. Boo, H.-V. Nguyen, D. K. Ann, J. Song, Y. Chen, and Y. Yen SUMOylation plays a role in gemcitabine- and bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity in human oropharyngeal carcinoma KB gemcitabine-resistant clone. Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2006; 5(3): 533 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Codony-Servat, M. A. Tapia, M. Bosch, C. Oliva, J. Domingo-Domenech, B. Mellado, M. Rolfe, J. S. Ross, P. Gascon, A. Rovira, et al. Differential cellular and molecular effects of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, in human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2006; 5(3): 665 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. T. Efuet and K. Keyomarsi Farnesyl and Geranylgeranyl Transferase Inhibitors Induce G1 Arrest by Targeting the Proteasome Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 66(2): 1040 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Fernandez, T. P. Miller, C. Denoyelle, J. A. Esteban, W.-H. Tang, A. L. Bengston, and M. S. Soengas Chemical Blockage of the Proteasome Inhibitory Function of Bortezomib: IMPACT ON TUMOR CELL DEATH J. Biol. Chem., January 13, 2006; 281(2): 1107 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. M. Roccaro, T. Hideshima, N. Raje, S. Kumar, K. Ishitsuka, H. Yasui, N. Shiraishi, D. Ribatti, B. Nico, A. Vacca, et al. Bortezomib Mediates Antiangiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma via Direct and Indirect Effects on Endothelial Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2006; 66(1): 184 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Y. Yamada and G. J. Gorbsky Inhibition of TRIP1/S8/hSug1, a component of the human 19S proteasome, enhances mitotic apoptosis induced by spindle poisons Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2006; 5(1): 29 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. Zou, P. Yue, N. Lin, M. He, Z. Zhou, S. Lonial, F. R. Khuri, B. Wang, and S.-Y. Sun Vitamin C Inactivates the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 in Human Cancer Cells Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2006; 12(1): 273 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. T. Nawrocki, J. S. Carew, K. Dunner Jr., L. H. Boise, P. J. Chiao, P. Huang, J. L. Abbruzzese, and D. J. McConkey Bortezomib Inhibits PKR-Like Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Kinase and Induces Apoptosis via ER Stress in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells Cancer Res., December 15, 2005; 65(24): 11510 - 11519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. A.J. Vaziri, J. Hill, K. Chikamori, D. R. Grabowski, N. Takigawa, M. Chawla-Sarkar, L. R. Rybicki, A. V. Gudkov, T. Mekhail, R. M. Bukowski, et al. Sensitization of DNA damage-induced apoptosis by the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 is p53 dependent and involves target proteins 14-3-3{sigma} and survivin Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2005; 4(12): 1880 - 1890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. J. Krawiec, R. A. Frost, T. C. Vary, L. S. Jefferson, and C. H. Lang Hindlimb casting decreases muscle mass in part by proteasome-dependent proteolysis but independent of protein synthesis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2005; 289(6): E969 - E980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Lonial, E. K. Waller, P. G. Richardson, S. Jagannath, R. Z. Orlowski, C. R. Giver, D. L. Jaye, D. Francis, S. Giusti, C. Torre, et al. Risk factors and kinetics of thrombocytopenia associated with bortezomib for relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma Blood, December 1, 2005; 106(12): 3777 - 3784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Yu, S. Huang, E. Patterson, M. W. Garrett, K. M. Kaufman, J. P. Metcalf, M. Zhu, S. T. Dunn, and D. C. Kem Proteasome degradation of GRK2 during ischemia and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a canine model of myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H1960 - H1967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. G. G. Richardson, B. Barlogie, J. Berenson, S. Singhal, S. Jagannath, D. Irwin, S. V. Rajkumar, T. Hideshima, H. Xiao, D. Esseltine, et al. Clinical factors predictive of outcome with bortezomib in patients with relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma Blood, November 1, 2005; 106(9): 2977 - 2981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. R. Alberts, N. R. Foster, R. F. Morton, J. Kugler, P. Schaefer, M. Wiesenfeld, T. R. Fitch, P. Steen, G. P. Kim, and S. Gill PS-341 and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) randomized phase II study Ann. Onc., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 1654 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Saunders Overview of drug therapy for multiple myeloma Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, September 1, 2005; 11(3): 83 - 100. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A.L. Hamilton, J.P. Eder, A.C. Pavlick, J.W. Clark, L. Liebes, R. Garcia-Carbonero, A. Chachoua, D.P. Ryan, V. Soma, K. Farrell, et al. Proteasome Inhibition With Bortezomib (PS-341): A Phase I Study With Pharmacodynamic End Points Using a Day 1 and Day 4 Schedule in a 14-Day Cycle J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2005; 23(25): 6107 - 6116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P.-P. Kuang and R. H. Goldstein Regulation of elastin gene transcription by proteasome dysfunction Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): C766 - C773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. A. Adjei and M. Hidalgo Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathway Proteins As Targets for Cancer Therapy J. Clin. Oncol., August 10, 2005; 23(23): 5386 - 5403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. W. Newcomb, M. A. Ali, T. Schnee, L. Lan, Y. Lukyanov, M. Fowkes, D. C. Miller, and D. Zagzag Flavopiridol downregulates hypoxia-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} expression in human glioma cells by a proteasome-independent pathway: Implications for in vivo therapy Neuro-oncol, July 1, 2005; 7(3): 225 - 235. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Pekol, J. S. Daniels, J. Labutti, I. Parsons, D. Nix, E. Baronas, F. Hsieh, L.-S. Gan, and G. Miwa HUMAN METABOLISM OF THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR BORTEZOMIB: IDENTIFICATION OF CIRCULATING METABOLITES Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2005; 33(6): 771 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Pajonk, A. van Ophoven, and W. H. McBride Hyperthermia-Induced Proteasome Inhibition and Loss of Androgen Receptor Expression in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 65(11): 4836 - 4843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. M. Lashinger, K. Zhu, S. A. Williams, M. Shrader, C. P.N. Dinney, and D. J. McConkey Bortezomib Abolishes Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Resistance via a p21-Dependent Mechanism in Human Bladder and Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 65(11): 4902 - 4908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
U. Fischer and K. Schulze-Osthoff New Approaches and Therapeutics Targeting Apoptosis in Disease Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2005; 57(2): 187 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. H. Landowski, C. J. Megli, K. D. Nullmeyer, R. M. Lynch, and R. T. Dorr Mitochondrial-Mediated Disregulation of Ca2+ Is a Critical Determinant of Velcade (PS-341/Bortezomib) Cytotoxicity in Myeloma Cell Lines Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 65(9): 3828 - 3836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. M. Ghobrial, T. E. Witzig, and A. A. Adjei Targeting Apoptosis Pathways in Cancer Therapy CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2005; 55(3): 178 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Cancer Research | Clinical Cancer Research |
| Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |
| Molecular Cancer Research | Cancer Prevention Research |
| Cancer Prevention Journals Portal | Cancer Reviews Online |
| Annual Meeting Education Book | Meeting Abstracts Online |