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[Cancer Research 59, 4216-4218, September 1, 1999]
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[Cancer Research 59, 4216-4218, September 1, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

Four New Colon Cancer Susceptibility Loci, Scc6 to Scc9 in the Mouse1

Tom van Wezel, Claudia A. L. Ruivenkamp, Alphons P. M. Stassen, Corina J. A. Moen2 and Peter Demant3

Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Germ-line mutations in APC and mismatch repair genes explain only a small percentage of all colorectal cancer cases. We have used the recombinant congenic strain mouse model to find new loci that are involved in the control of susceptibility to colon cancer. Five different colon cancer susceptibility genes, Scc1–Scc5, have been described previously using the recombinant congenic strains. Two of these loci, Scc4 and Scc5, show a reciprocal, genetic interaction. Here we report the mapping of four new colon tumor susceptibility genes: (a) Scc6 on chromosome 11; (b) Scc7 on chromosome 3; (c) Scc8 on chromosome 8; and (d) Scc9 on chromosome 10. Scc7 and Scc8 show a genetic interaction; Scc7 is only detected by virtue of its interaction with Scc8.


   Introduction
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the Western world. Several genes have been identified that are involved in familial colon cancer. Germ-line mutations in the APC gene cause FAP, 4 and mutations in mismatch repair genes, mainly MSH2 and MLH1, lead to HNPCC (1 , 2) . FAP and HNPCC together account for only a small percentage of all colorectal cancer cases. The sporadic type of colon cancer, without obvious genetic linkage, represents the majority of cases. Evidence for inherited susceptibility to colon cancer distinct from FAP and HNPCC comes from studies that show familial clustering for apparent sporadic colorectal cancer cases. Relatives of colorectal cancer patients have an increased risk of cancer of the same type (3 , 4) . In addition, even colon cancer without familial clustering may preferentially affect genetically predisposed individuals (5 , 6) . Therefore, the analysis of genes that might affect the susceptibility to sporadic colon cancer can have considerable impact.

Mouse models are powerful tools for identifying susceptibility genes because inbred strains differ widely in their susceptibility to DMH-induced colon adenomas (7) . We used the CcS series of the recombinant congenic strains (8) to study colon cancer susceptibility (9) . The CcS strains are derived from the mouse strains BALB/c and STS which are resistant and susceptible, respectively, to chemically induced colon adenomas. When treated with DMH, STS mice develop a large number of tumors, and BALB/c mice develop only a few tumors. This difference is caused by multiple genes (7) . Each individual CcS strain has obtained a random subset of 12.5% genes from strain STS on the genetic background of mouse strain BALB/c. In this way, the STS alleles of different loci involved in the susceptibility to colon cancer are divided between the 20 CcS strains, thus converting a multigenic difference into oligogenic or monogenic differences (10) .

Previously, five colon cancer susceptibility loci, Scc1, Scc2, Scc3, Scc4, and Scc5, were identified using the RC strains CcS-16, CcS-17, and CcS-19, which are highly susceptible to colon cancer (11 , 12) . One of these loci, Scc1, has been mapped to a small region on chromosome 2 (13) .

The CcS strains CcS-3, CcS-5, and CcS-11 are also more susceptible to colon cancer than the BALB/c strain(9) . However, loci Scc1, Scc2, Scc4, and Scc5 cannot be responsible for this difference because these strains carry the BALB/c allele for these loci.

The CcS-11 strain has the resistant STS allele of Scc3, which cannot be the cause of its susceptibility. Therefore, the susceptibility of these strains is caused by loci other than the known loci Scc1– Scc5. In the present study, we used backcrosses of CcS-3, CcS-5, and CcS-11 to the resistant strain BALB/c to search for additional susceptibility loci. This approach led to the detection of four new colon cancer susceptibility loci: (a) Scc6 on chromosome 11; (b) Scc7 on chromosome 3; (c) Scc8 on chromosome 8; and (d) Scc9 on chromosome 10. Scc7 and Scc8 show a genetic interaction, a phenomenon we also observed for Scc4 and Scc5 (12) and for several lung cancer susceptibility loci (14 , 15) .


   Materials and Methods
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Animals and Tumor Induction.
The mice received a standard laboratory diet (Hope Farms, Woerden, the Netherlands) and acidified drinking water ad libitum (pH 2.5 to pH 3.0). The genetic composition of the RC strains used has been described previously (16) .5 Three strains were tested: (a) CcS-3; (b) CcS-5; and (c) CcS-11. For each strain, a BALB/c x (BALB/c x CcS)F1 backcross was produced. The CcS-3 cross consists of 29 mice. The backcrosses for CcS-5 and CcS-11 each consist of two experiments performed at different points in time; 38 and 55 animals were used in the two CcS-5 experiments, and 36 and 38 animals were used in the CcS-11 experiments. Mice (11–15 weeks old) received 26 weekly s.c. injections of DMH [15 mg/kg body weight, freshly dissolved in 1 mM EDTA (pH 6.8)]. Males were sacrificed at 32 weeks after the start of treatment, and females were sacrificed at 36 weeks after the start of treatment, or earlier if the animals became visibly ill (9) . At autopsy, the colon was removed, and the number of tumors was counted using a dissection microscope.

DNA Preparation and Genotyping.
DNA was prepared from mouse tails using a standard proteinase K procedure. The backcross mice were genotyped as described previously (17) using microsatellite markers (Mouse MapPairs TM; Research Genetics, Huntsville AL). The CcS-3 backcross used microsatellite markers D3Mit18, D3Mit162, D3Mit163, D4Mit7, D4Mit17, D6Mit14, D6Mit15, D6Mit48, D6Mit58, D6Mit158, D7Mit9, D7Mit10, D7Mit14, D7Mit47, D7Mit67, D7Mit117, D8Mit12, D8Mit17, D10Mit14, D10Mit46, D10Mit47, D11Mit4, D11Mit20, D11Mit21, D11Mit139, D11Mit164, D11Nds9, D11Nds10, D16Mit19, D16Mit56, D16Mit73, D16Mit81, D16Mit134, D16Nds2, and D18Mit40. The CcS-5 backcross was genotyped with D1Mit129, D3Mit46, D5Mit27, D5Mit112, D5Mit164, D6Mit10, D6Mit23, D6Mit35, D6Mit173, D7Mit137, D8Mit17, D8Mit58, D8Mit155, D10Mit12, D10Mit14, D10Mit24, D10Mit25, D10Mit46, D10Mit47, D10Mit103, D10Mit133, D11Mit1, D11Mit2, D11Mit62, D11Mit71, D17Mit10, D17Mit13, D17Mit18, D17Mit19, D17Mit22, D17Mit35, D17Mit46, D17Nds3, D17Nds4, and D18Mit19. The CcS-11 backcross was genotyped with D1Mit15, D1Mit36, D1Mit205, D1Mit208, D3Mit18, D3Mit162, D3Mit163, D7Mit7, D7Mit8, D7Mit9, D7Mit10, D7Mit14, D7Mit15, D7Mit26, D7Mit47, D7Mit54, D7Mit55, D7Mit67, D7Nds1, D7Nds2, D7Nds5, D7Nds4, D8Mit40, D8Mit85, D10Mit12, D10Mit14, D10Mit24, D10Mit46, D10Mit47, D10Mit133, D10Mit150, D12Mit37, D16Mit34, D16Mit73, D19Mit12, D19Mit41, D19Mit56, D19Mit60, D19Mit61, and D19Mit62. These markers cover the known STS-derived segments from strains CcS-3, CcS-5, and CcS-11 with a spacing of approximately 5 cM (16)

Statistical Analysis.
To obtain a normal distribution, the numbers of colon tumors in the CcS-3 backcross were elog-transformed. In the CcS-5 and CcS-11 backcrosses, the exponent 0.2 normalized the colon tumor numbers. Linkage between the number of colon tumors and the markers in the three different backcrosses was determined by advanced ANOVA (NCSS, Kaysville, UT) using gender and marker(s) as fixed factors. For CcS-5 and CcS-11, the experimental group was used as a random factor.

All single markers and all pairs of nonlinked markers were tested. Markers and interactions with P < 0.05 were combined in one model, and, subsequently, markers and interactions with a P > 0.05 were eliminated one by one, starting with the one with the highest P. Final Ps were corrected for multiple comparisons using the following formula:

where {alpha}(T) is the observed P, the F ratio from ANOVA is used for T2, the genome length in Morgans G = 2 (the length of the segregating part of the donor genome; 12.5% of 16 M), the constant {rho} = 1 (crossover rate) for a backcross, and C (the number of chromosomes segregating in the cross) is 8 for CcS-11 and 9 for CcS-3 and CcS-5 (16 , 18) .


   Results and Discussion
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
REFERENCES
 
We conducted a search for linkage of susceptibility to colon cancer in backcrosses of the strains CcS-3, CcS-5, and CcS-11. Tables 1Citation and 2Citation show the detected linkages.


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  		Table 1 Mean tumor number and standard error per genotype and Ps for linkage per genotype at the markers on chromosomes 3, 5, 8, 10, and 11 as determined by analysis of variance

 

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  		Table 2 Reciprocal genetic interaction between D8Mit17 and D3Mit163

 
In strain CcS-3, three loci were found (Scc7, Scc8, and Scc9 on chromosomes 3, 8, and 10, respectively; Tables 1Citation and 2Citation ). Scc8 was found to be linked with D8Mit17 (P = 0.0057). Backcross mice carrying the STS allele at the Scc8 locus developed almost twice as many tumors as their littermates that were homozygous for the BALB/c allele at this locus. Scc8 is located on an 18.6-cM segment between D8Mit58 and D8Mit24, near the centromere on chromosome 8 (Fig. 1)Citation . Another linkage was found to the STS allele of D10Mit46 (P = 0.0056). This locus, Scc9, maps to the telomeric part of chromosome 10 in a 17.5-cM region between D10Mit150 and D10Mit103 (Fig. 1)Citation . In the CcS-5 cross, susceptibility was also associated with the STS allele of D10Mit46 (Table 1Citation ; P = 0.06). However, its significance only satisfies the criteria for suggestive linkage (18) .



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  		Fig. 1. STS-derived genomic segments containing the four Scc loci. Scc6 is found in the backcross of CcS-5, and Scc7, Scc8, and Scc9 are found the CcS-3 backcross. Linkage is found with the markers depicted in bold. The centimorgan position is taken from the Whitehead Institute Genetic and Physical Maps of the Mouse Genome (http://carbon.wi.mit.edu:8000/cgi-bin/mouse/index). {square}, the BALB/c-derived genomic regions; {blacksquare}, the STS-derived segments; , the region of crossover. The vertical arrows indicate the maximum length of the STS genomic segment (12) .

 
When we looked for two-way interactions between all nonlinked pairs of markers, an interaction was found between D3Mit163 (Scc7) and Scc8 (P = 0.012). Scc7 has no apparent effect on itself (Table 1)Citation but can only be detected because of a genetic interaction with Scc8. When Scc8 is homozygous for the BALB/c alleles, the STS allele of Scc7 shows resistance to colon tumors. However, when Scc8 carries a STS allele, the STS allele of Scc7 determines susceptibility (Table 2)Citation . Consequently, the BALB/c or STS alleles of Scc7 are not intrinsically susceptible or resistant, but their effect depends on the genotype at the interacting locus, Scc8. Scc7 is located on a 16.5-cM segment, between D3Mit17 and D3Mit163 on the telomeric part of chromosome 3 (Fig. 1)Citation .

In the CcS-5 cross, the susceptibility locus Scc6 was detected. Linkage of susceptibility was found to the STS allele of D11Mit2 (P = 0.0043; Table 1Citation ). Scc6 maps to a 6.6-cM region near the centromere on chromosome 11 between markers D11Mit71 and D11Mit162 (Fig. 1)Citation . A suggestive linkage (P = 0.074) in this cross was found to D1Mit129. The marker D1Mit129 is in fact located on mouse chromosome 5, closely linked to D5Mit304.6 Additional independent experiments are needed to confirm linkage at this locus. No significant or suggestive linkages have been found in the CcS-11 cross.

STS alleles of the markers to which Scc7, Scc8, and Scc9 were mapped are also present in some of the other backcrosses (Scc7 in CcS-11, Scc8 in CcS-5, and Scc9 in both CcS-5 and CcS-11). However, only Scc9 was detected in another cross (CcS-5; Table 1Citation ). The failure to detect these loci in all crosses does not disprove them. As pointed out by Lander and Kruglyak (18) , the initial, significant linkages can be overestimates of the effect of the loci; due to random fluctuations, the detected linkage will be above the threshold of significance. In other experiments, random fluctuations can push the effect of these genes below the threshold of detection. In addition, some of the loci are detected by virtue of their interactions with other loci (12 , 14 , 15) . Therefore they can probably only be detected in a particular genetic background and are not observed in mice with a different genetic make-up. Paradoxically, in the present experiments, most loci were detected in the cross with the smallest number of animals. However, the detection of four loci in a total of 196 mice is comparable to the number of loci detected in similar experiments (12 , 14 , 15 , 19) . The distribution of the linkages between the crosses has a stochastic component and is influenced by interlocus interactions. These interactions, which are presently poorly defined, probably play a much larger role in the genetics of quantitative traits than is generally recognized (15) .

In conclusion, we have found four novel loci involved in the complex genetic trait of colon cancer susceptibility. This extends the number of colon tumor susceptibility loci we have detected using the recombinant congenic strain system to nine. Recombinants for the regions on chromosomes 10 and 11 containing Scc9 and Scc6, respectively, have already been produced and will be tested for colon tumor susceptibility to confirm the linkage and map these loci more precisely. Subsequent cloning of these genes could elucidate the underlying mechanisms of cancer susceptibility and of the genetic interactions. The small initial segment to which the loci are mapped, together with the physical maps and the increasing density of the available Expressed Sequence Tag maps, will speed up the identification of candidate genes for these Scc loci.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Marcelle Treur-Mulder, Joost de Moes, Elly Delzenne-Goette, and Marius Timpico for excellent technical assistance. We also thank Helena Havelkova for sharing information on the chromosomal position of D1Mit129 with us.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported by Dutch Cancer Society Grants NKI-97-1463 and NKI-98-1832 (to P. D.). Back

2 Present address: Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, the Netherlands. Back

3 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed. Back

4 The abbreviations used are: FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis; DMH, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; CcS, CcS/Dem; BALB/c, BALB/cHeA; STS, STS/A; HNPCC, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Back

5 In addition to Ref. 16 , see also http://www.informatics.jax.org/rcset.html. Back

6 H. Havelkova, personal communication. Back

Received 3/25/99. Accepted 7/19/99.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 

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