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Tumor Biology |
National Cancer Institute, Division of Clinical Sciences, Medicine Branch, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5105
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Because of their expression on cell membranes, activation of death receptors in the TNF2 receptor superfamily provides a specific mechanism to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells (13) . For example, the Fas receptor is a TNF family protein that is expressed on breast cancer cell membranes (4) . The Fas pathway can also be activated to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro (4) . However, the therapeutic usefulness of the Fas pathway is hampered by Fas expression on hepatocytes that causes lethal hepatic apoptosis when the pathway is activated (14) . DR4 (also called TRAIL-R1; Ref. 15 ) and DR5 (also called TRAIL-R2/TRICK-2/KILLER; Refs. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ) are other members of the TNF receptor family which are activated by binding the ligand TRAIL (also called Apo-2 L; Refs. 23 and 24 ). Activation of this pathway causes apoptosis mediated through caspase activation (15, 16, 17 , 23 , 25) . Regulation of this pathway is in part controlled through the relative levels of the death receptors DR4 and DR5 and the inhibitory receptor TRID (also called DcR1/TRAIL-R3/LIT; Refs. 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , and 26 ). Specifically, expression of TRID in cell lines has been reported to correlate with resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis (16 , 17) . Moreover, TRID is highly expressed in normal tissues, whereas it has substantially lower expression in malignant cell lines. In contrast, expression of DR4 and DR5 is similar in normal tissues and in malignant cell lines (16 , 17) . Thus, TRAIL may activate apoptosis selectively in breast cancer cells while sparing normal cells (27) .
Here the TRAIL pathway is evaluated in normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. The expression and function of the TRAIL pathway in breast cell lines are analyzed. In addition, mechanisms to activate the TRAIL pathway in resistant breast cells are investigated.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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TRAIL and Chemotherapy-mediated Toxicity.
To assess TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity, cells were plated at 5 x 104 cells/well in 96-well microtiter plates and allowed to adhere to the plate overnight. Freshly eluted GST-TRAIL fusion proteins at the indicated concentrations were added, and the cells were then incubated for an additional 16 h. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT dye reduction assay as described previously (4)
. GST-TRAIL-treated cells were compared with cells incubated with GST protein at the same concentration.
To assess the effects of chemotherapy on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, cells were plated as above and allowed to adhere overnight. TRAIL (25 µM) and chemotherapy agents at the indicated concentrations were added to the wells and incubated for an additional 16 h. Cell viability was then assessed by MTT assay as before. Chemotherapy agents used were doxorubicin (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), 5-fluorouracil (Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, NJ), paclitaxel (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ), melphalan (Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC), and methotrexate (Immunex Co., Seattle, WA).
All MTT experiments were performed in quadruplicate and repeated at least three times. Results of representative experiments are given as the mean ± SD and of multiple experiments as the mean ± SE.
Experiments to evaluate RNA and protein and to perform TUNEL assays were carried out in 100-mm tissue culture dishes with 5 x 106 cells/dish and the same concentrations of TRAIL and chemotherapy as in the microtiter plates.
The tetrapeptide caspase inhibitor ZVAD-fmk (Enzyme Systems Products., Livermore, CA) was resuspended in DMSO (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) and added to cells at a final concentration of 50 µM 30 min before TRAIL or chemotherapy agents. Control cells were incubated with DMSO at the same concentration as test cells. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay after 16 h of incubation with test reagents.
TUNEL assay to detect fragmented DNA in situ was performed on cell cytospins using the In situ Cell Death Detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN). To demonstrate nuclear morphology, cells were counterstained by mounting with Vectashield mounting medium containing DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA).
Isolation and Analysis of RNA and Protein.
RNA was extracted from cell lines using Trizol Reagent (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD), and conditions were as recommended by the supplier. RNase protection analysis was performed using 20 µg of total RNA and the Riboquant assay (PharMingen, San Diego, CA) according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
Protein was extracted from cells by detergent lysis (1% Triton-X 100, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 2 mM sodium vanadate, 5 µg/ml leupeptin, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, 1 µg/ml pepstatin, and 10 µg/ml 4–2-aminoethyl-benzenesulfonyl fluoride). Protein lysates were cleared of debris by centrifugation at 15,000 x g for 10 min at 4°C, and concentration was assessed by Bio-Rad colorometric assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Protein samples were boiled in an equal volume of sample buffer (20% glycerol, 4% SDS, 0.2% bromphenol blue, 125 mM Tris-HCl, and 640 mM ß-mercaptoethanol), fractionated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA). PARP protein was detected using a polyclonal rabbit anti-PARP antibody (H-250; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) at 1 µg/ml. Caspase-3 protein was detected using a rabbit polyclonal anti-caspase-3 antibody at 1 µg/ml (65906E; PharMingen, San Diego, CA). ERK-2 protein was detected using a rabbit polyclonal anti-ERK-2 antibody (C-14; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at 1 µg/ml. Goat anti-rabbit antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) was used to visualize immunoreactive proteins at a 1:5000 dilution using SuperSignal (Pierce, Rockford, IL) detection reagent.
TRAIL-GST Fusion Protein Production.
TRAIL cDNAs were generated by RT-PCR. First-strand cDNAs were synthesized from 10 µg of spleen total RNA in 20-µl reactions using an oligo(dT) primer in the presence or absence of Moloney murine leukemia virus Reverse Transcriptase (Life Technologies) under conditions described by the supplier. First-strand TRAIL cDNAs (2 µl) were amplified using Amplitaq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Foster City, CA) in 100-µl reaction volumes under standard conditions recommended by the supplier. The mixtures were denatured for 3 min at 95°C, followed by 30 thermal cycles (30 s at 95°C, 30 s at 50°C, and 2 min at 72°C). The 5' TRAIL primers were linked with BamHI and designed to clone in-frame with the GST sequence of the pGEX-2TK vector (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. Piscataway, NJ). 3' TRAIL primers were linked with EcoRI. 5' TRAIL primers corresponding to the nucleotide sequences for amino acids 95–102, 119–126, 153–160, and 201–210 and 3' TRAIL primers corresponding to the nucleotide sequences for amino acids 274–281, 222–229, and 184–191 were derived from the published sequences for human TRAIL (oligonucleotide sequences available on request; Refs. 23
and 24
). TRAIL cDNA PCR products were gel purified and ligated into the pGEX-2TK plasmid. Their identity was confirmed by sequencing (T7 Sequenase; version 2.0; Amersham).
TRAIL cDNA plasmids were transformed into DH5
Escherichia coli, and GST-TRAIL fusion protein expression was induced with 100 µM isopropylthio-ß-D-galactosidase (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.). Bacteria were harvested and lysed by sonication in 0.1% TONE buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.1% n-octyl ß–D-glucopyranoside). GST-TRAIL proteins were purified by precipitation with glutathione-Sepharose beads and then eluted from the beads with 20 mM glutathione (pH 8.5). TONE 0.1% buffer was exchanged for PBS using a PD10 Sephadex column (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.). Fusion proteins were analyzed by fractionation on 10% SDS-PAGE and visualized with Chromaphor reagent (Promega Corp., Madison, WI). Fusion protein concentrations were measured using a Bio-Rad colorometric assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). GST-TRAIL proteins were stable when stored bound to glutathione-Sepharose beads (Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.) at 4°C for up to 3 months. All experiments were performed with freshly eluted GST-TRAIL proteins because TRAIL activity was decreased by storage at 4°C to 
75% at 24 h and 50% at 48 h after elution.
Statistical Analysis.
Statistical comparison of mean values was performed using the t test. All Ps are two tailed. Interactions between TRAIL and chemotherapy agents were classified by the Fractional Inhibition Method as follows: when expressed as the fractional inhibition of cell viability, additive inhibition produced by both inhibitors (i) occurs when i1,2 = i1 + i2; synergism when i1,2 > i1 + i2; and antagonism when i1,2 < i1 + i2 (28)
. The concentrations of reagents that induced a 50% reduction in cell viability (IC50) were determined from curves of reagent concentration versus cell viability at 16 h of incubation for each cell line analyzed.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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4 h and was >95% complete by 16 h. Therefore, a 16-h overnight incubation time was chosen for additional experiments to analyze TRAIL toxicity in breast cell lines. Apoptosis induced in MDA-MB-231 cells by GST-TRAIL at 16 h is demonstrated by TUNEL assay in Fig. 1A
. Morphological changes of apoptosis including nuclear fragmentation and chromatin clumping are also demonstrated in the nuclei of these cells by DAPI staining (Fig. 1A)
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. In contrast, GST alone had minimal toxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells.
To investigate if smaller fragments of the TRAIL protein could also induce apoptosis, five additional GST-TRAIL extracellular domain fusion proteins were produced (Fig. 1C)
. These constructs represent serial deletions of regions in the TRAIL extracellular domain homologous to other TNF ligand family members (e.g., murine TRAIL, human Fas ligand, and TNF ligand; Ref. 23
). Only GST-TRAIL fusion constructs amino acids 95–281 and 119–281 were capable of inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, GST-TRAIL constructs with greater NH2-terminal deletions (amino acids 153–281 and 203–281) or with any COOH-terminal deletions (amino acids 95–229 and 95–191) were incapable of inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231. Subsequently, all experiments were performed with the GST-TRAIL construct amino acids 95–281 (henceforth called TRAIL) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml.
TRAIL Function in Breast Cell Lines.
Sixteen breast cell lines including six primary HMECs, two immortalized nontransformed breast epithelial cell lines (184B5 and MCF10A), and eight breast cancer cell lines (ZR75–1, T47D, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-468, SKBr-3, and MDA-MB-157) were assessed for sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (Fig. 2)
. Only one nontransformed breast cell line (MCF10A) and one breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) were significantly sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. By contrast, all other lines were relatively resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis with 65–100% viability compared with control cells. In the resistant cell lines, even 10-fold higher concentrations of TRAIL failed to induce a greater degree of apoptosis.
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. The activating death receptors DR4 and DR5 were expressed in all cell lines analyzed. Compared with other cell lines, expression of DR4 was highest in the TRAIL-sensitive cell line MDA-MB-231 and lowest in the TRAIL-resistant cell line T47D. Expression of DR5 was also highest in the MDA-MB-231 cell line compared with other lines. There was high expression of the inhibitory receptor TRID in the TRAIL-resistant cell lines HMEC 2595-2 and T47D and also in the TRAIL-sensitive cell line MDA-MB-231. Lower levels of TRID expression were seen in all other cell lines except MDA-MB-453, where expression was absent. Expression of other apoptosis-associated molecules including caspases (caspase-1 through caspase-10a) and bcl2 family members (bclx L/S, bfl1, bik, bak, bax, and bcl2) was also analyzed by RNase protection in these cell lines (data not shown). Expression data did not reveal any consistent difference between the two TRAIL-sensitive breast cell lines (MCF10A and MDA-MB-231) and the nine TRAIL-resistant cell lines. They also did not reveal any difference between normal and malignant breast cell lines.
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in combination with protein synthesis inhibitors (cyclohexamide or actinomycin D) has been demonstrated to overcome resistance to Fas-induced apoptosis in breast cell lines (4)
. However, this combination had no effect on resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the same breast cell lines (data not shown). Chemotherapy has also been shown to sensitize other tissues to Fas-induced apoptosis (29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37) . Therefore, breast cell lines were incubated with TRAIL and a variety of chemotherapy agents that are in common clinical use for breast cancer, specifically doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and paclitaxel. Cyclophosphamide, a commonly used alkylating agent, requires hepatic metabolism for activation; therefore, melphalan was substituted as an example of an alkylating agent for this analysis (38) .
The toxicity of chemotherapy agents incubated alone or in combination with a fixed concentration TRAIL on the TRAIL-resistant MDA-MB-453 cell line was evaluated (Fig. 4)
. The data demonstrate that the toxicity of the combination of TRAIL and doxorubicin is significantly greater than the toxicity of each agent alone. With TRAIL alone, only 25% of MDA-MB-453 cells undergo apoptosis, and an IC50 is not reached. The IC50 of doxorubicin alone in MDA-MB-453 is 10 µM. However, the IC50 of doxorubicin when combined with TRAIL is 0.25 µM. A similar augmentation of toxicity is demonstrated for TRAIL combined with 5-fluorouracil. By fractional inhibition analysis, the toxic effect of the combination of TRAIL and doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil is synergistic compared with each agent alone (28)
. In contrast, there is no synergy when TRAIL is combined with paclitaxel, melphalan, or methotrexate in MDA-MB-453 cells.
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. Representative data demonstrating results for all resistant breast cell lines incubated with TRAIL, doxorubicin, or methotrexate, and the combination of TRAIL and doxorubicin or methotrexate, are shown in Fig. 5
. TRAIL-induced apoptosis was significantly augmented by doxorubicin and by 5-fluorouracil in most breast cell lines (10 of 11 and 8 of 10, respectively; Table 1
and Fig. 5
). In contrast, TRAIL-induced apoptosis was not augmented by methotrexate in any cell line. TRAIL-induced apoptosis was augmented by melphalan and paclitaxel in few (4 of 10 and 1 of 10, respectively) breast cell lines.
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Molecular characteristics that correlate with development of sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis were analyzed in breast cells incubated with and without doxorubicin (5 µM). No consistent change in expression of any TRAIL receptor was identified that could explain the increased sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis caused by doxorubicin (Fig. 6)
. Contrary to expected results, expression of the inhibitory receptor TRID was significantly induced by doxorubicin in the ZR75-1 and T47D cell lines and to a lesser extent in the MDA-MB-468 cell line. In addition, no change in expression of caspases (caspase-1 through caspase-10a) or of bcl2 family members (bclx L/S, bfl1, bik, bak, bax, and bcl2) was identified that correlated with development of sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (data not shown).
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top panel). This suggested that caspase activation by doxorubicin might mediate the augmentation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by doxorubicin.
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, bottom panel). This further suggested that those chemotherapy agents that sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis also activated caspases in MDA-MB-453 cells.
To directly assess activation of caspases, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was analyzed in TRAIL-resistant MDA-MB-453 cells incubated with TRAIL alone and in combination with doxorubicin or methotrexate (Fig. 8)
. Caspase-3 is activated by cleavage from a Mr 32,000 precursor into Mr 17,000 and Mr 11,000 products (39)
. Activated caspase-3 cleaves PARP from a Mr 116,000 protein into Mr 85,000 and Mr 25,000 cleavage products (40
, 41)
. Caspase-3 and PARP are partially cleaved in cells treated with doxorubicin alone. There is also very minimal cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in cells treated with TRAIL alone. The combination of TRAIL and doxorubicin results in significantly greater cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP than in cells treated with either agent alone. In contrast, methotrexate causes little cleavage of caspase-3 or PARP. Furthermore, there is no increase in the amount of caspase-3 or PARP cleavage in cells incubated with the combination of methotrexate and TRAIL compared with TRAIL alone. To demonstrate that caspase-3 and PARP cleavage were due to apoptosis and not to nonspecific proteolysis, expression of ERK-2 was analyzed. ERK-2 is not cleaved during apoptosis in many systems (42)
, and it is also not cleaved in MDA-MB-453 cells incubated with TRAIL, doxorubicin, or their combination (Fig. 8)
.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. Of the TNF family, TRAIL is most homologous to Fas ligand (23)
, and these constructs were selected by homology with TNF family members including Fas ligand. Two regions of the Fas ligand extracellular domain are required to induce apoptosis, an extreme COOH-terminal receptor binding domain and a more NH2 located self-association domain. Interestingly, constructs with deletion of TRAIL COOH-terminal regions (amino acids 95–229 and 95–191) homologous to the Fas ligand receptor binding domain were incapable of inducing apoptosis (43)
. Also, TRAIL constructs that deleted part or all (amino acids 153–281 and 203–281) of the regions homologous to the Fas ligand self-association domain did not induce apoptosis (43)
. This suggests that activation of death receptors by TRAIL requires similar structural and functional characteristics to those of Fas ligand.
TRAIL induced significant apoptosis in only 2 of 16 (12.5%) breast cell lines (Fig. 2)
. This is consistent with the finding that a minority (27%) of tumors of hematological origin are sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (44)
. The spectrum of breast cell lines sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis (MCF10A and MDA-MB-231) also differed from those we demonstrated previously to be sensitive to Fas-induced apoptosis (HMEC 2595, MCF10A, 184B5, and T47D; Ref. 4
). Overlapping but different sensitivities to Fas and TRAIL-induced apoptosis have also been demonstrated in hematological malignancies (44)
and in lymphocyte subsets (25
, 45)
.
Consistent with data from other systems was expression of the activating TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5 in all breast cell lines analyzed (Fig. 3
; Refs. 15, 16, 17
). However, in contrast with published data, expression of the inhibitory receptor, TRID was not restricted to nonmalignant cell lines (16
, 17
, 27) . In fact, TRID was highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines (two of seven) as frequently as in normal breast cell lines (one of four). TRID expression also did not predict for sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cells. TRAIL induced significant apoptosis in breast cell lines that expressed high levels (MDA-MB-231) and low levels (MCF10A) of TRID. Notably, the relative expression of the activating death receptors DR4 and DR5 was higher in the responsive MDA-MB-231 cell line compared with resistant breast cell lines. However, the expression of DR4 and DR5 in the TRAIL-sensitive MCF10A cell line was not different from resistant cell lines, e.g., 184B5. This makes it unlikely that sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis is completely controlled by the relative amounts of DR4, DR5, and TRID. It suggests that other factors, such as the recently identified inhibitory TRAIL receptors DcR2 (also called TRUNDD or TRAIL-R4; Refs. 46, 47, 48
) and Osteoprotegerin, (49)
or other mechanisms, such as activation of nuclear factor-
B (17
, 25)
may be important regulators of sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cells.
Breast cell lines were significantly sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by chemotherapy agents, in particular doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, and to a lesser extent by melphalan (Fig. 5
and Table 1
). A similar sensitization of cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis by chemotherapy agents has been demonstrated in other tissues (29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37)
. Sensitization to Fas-induced apoptosis in part relates to induction of Fas expression by chemotherapy agents (29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37)
. However, in this study, sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cells did not correlate with induction of Fas expression by chemotherapy agents (data not shown). Sensitization of breast cell lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis was also independent of p53 mutation state. p53 wild-type (HMEC and MCF7) and p53 mutant cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and T47D) were similarly sensitized to TRAIL by chemotherapy (5
, 50)
.
The concentrations of doxorubicin (0.5 µM -5 µM) that sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis were within a range clinically achieved in patients (38) . In contrast, the concentrations of 5-fluorouracil (3–30 mM) that sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis were >100-fold over the clinically relevant range (38) . Clinically relevant doses of 5-fluorouracil (1–10 µM) did not sensitize breast cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Doxorubicin therefore may be more useful for in vivo studies in combination with TRAIL. Of note, doxorubicin equally sensitized normal and malignant breast cell lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This finding may have particular clinical relevance because other normal tissues typically affected by doxorubicin, e.g.,. bone marrow, gastrointestinal mucosa, and cardiac tissue, may also be sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by doxorubicin. Future in vivo studies of chemotherapy and TRAIL will address the issues of combined toxicities to normal tissues and of efficacy in treating breast cancers as compared with cell lines.
These data show that chemotherapy agents that themselves activate caspases (doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil) also augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis (Figs. 7
and 8
). In contrast, chemotherapy agents that do not activate caspases also do not augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The mechanism of sensitization of breast cell lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis thus appears to be mediated through caspase activation. Chemotherapy, particularly anthracyclines, have been demonstrated to activate caspases through a variety of mechanisms (12
, 30
, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55)
. Similarly, signaling by DR4 and DR5 activates caspases (15, 16, 17
, 25)
. The significant augmentation of caspase activation seen with the combination of TRAIL and doxorubicin (Fig. 8
) may be due to amplification of caspase cleavage upon reception of two independent activating signals. This finding has therapeutic implications because it suggests that relative resistance to apoptosis may be overcome by combining agents that independently partially activate caspases (51)
. The exact mechanism of this augmentation of caspase activation is not yet known.
In summary, these data demonstrate no difference in expression of TRAIL family members or in sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis between normal and malignant breast cancer cell lines, in contrast to results published previously (16 , 17) . They also demonstrate that chemotherapy can significantly enhance sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cell lines, and this enhancement is mediated through caspase activation. These data suggest that activation of the TRAIL pathway in combination with other agents that activate caspases in breast cancer cells may have therapeutic potential in treatment of breast cancer.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at National Cancer Institute, Division of Clinical Sciences, Medicine Branch, Building 8, Room 5101, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105. 
2 The abbreviations used are: TNF, tumor necrosis factor; HMEC, human mammary epithelial cells; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling; ZVAD-fmk, Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
Received 8/14/98. Accepted 11/25/98.
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B and protects against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, yet retains an incomplete death domain. Immunity, 7: 813-820, 1997.[Medline]
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W. Lu, Q. Sun, J. Wan, Z. She, and X.-G. Jiang Cationic Albumin-Conjugated Pegylated Nanoparticles Allow Gene Delivery into Brain Tumors via Intravenous Administration Cancer Res., December 15, 2006; 66(24): 11878 - 11887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gong, D. Yang, S. Kohanim, R. Humphreys, L. Broemeling, and R. Kurzrock Novel in vivo imaging shows up-regulation of death receptors by paclitaxel and correlates with enhanced antitumor effects of receptor agonist antibodies Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2006; 5(12): 2991 - 3000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Li, H. Wang, Z. Wang, S. Makhija, D. Buchsbaum, A. LoBuglio, R. Kimberly, and T. Zhou Inducible Resistance of Tumor Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 2-Mediated Apoptosis by Generation of a Blockade at the Death Domain Function. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 66(17): 8520 - 8528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Palacios, R. Yerbes, and A. Lopez-Rivas Flavopiridol Induces Cellular FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Degradation by the Proteasome and Promotes TRAIL-Induced Early Signaling and Apoptosis in Breast Tumor Cells. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 66(17): 8858 - 8869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Matsubara, Y. Mizutani, F. Hongo, H. Nakanishi, Y. Kimura, S. Ushijima, A. Kawauchi, T. Tamura, T. Sakata, and T. Miki Gene therapy with TRAIL against renal cell carcinoma. Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2006; 5(9): 2165 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. McCarthy, K. A. DiVito, M. Sznol, D. Kovacs, R. Halaban, A. J. Berger, K. T. Flaherty, R. L. Camp, R. Lazova, D. L. Rimm, et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptors 1 and 2 in melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2006; 12(12): 3856 - 3863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Thai, A. Labrinidis, S. Hay, V. Liapis, S. Bouralexis, K. Welldon, B. J. Coventry, D. M. Findlay, and A. Evdokiou Apo2l/Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand prevents breast cancer-induced bone destruction in a mouse model. Cancer Res., May 15, 2006; 66(10): 5363 - 5370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. S. Ricci and W.-X. Zong Chemotherapeutic approaches for targeting cell death pathways. Oncologist, April 1, 2006; 11(4): 342 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Wang, W. Ju, J. Renouard, J. Aden, S. A. Belinsky, and Y. Lin 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin Synergistically Potentiates Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Lung Cancer Cell Death by Blocking the Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Pathway Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 66(2): 1089 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. K. Rowinsky Targeted Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Management: The Emerging Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor Activating Agents J. Clin. Oncol., December 20, 2005; 23(36): 9394 - 9407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Emens and E. M. Jaffee Leveraging the Activity of Tumor Vaccines with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy Cancer Res., September 15, 2005; 65(18): 8059 - 8064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Oka, S. Nakahara, Y. Takenaka, T. Fukumori, V. Hogan, H.-o. Kanayama, T. Yanagawa, and A. Raz Galectin-3 Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis by Activating Akt in Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 65(17): 7546 - 7553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Shiraishi, T. Yoshida, S. Nakata, M. Horinaka, M. Wakada, Y. Mizutani, T. Miki, and T. Sakai Tunicamycin Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., July 15, 2005; 65(14): 6364 - 6370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. McCarthy, M. Sznol, K. A. DiVito, R. L. Camp, D. L. Rimm, and H. M. Kluger Evaluating the Expression and Prognostic Value of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 in Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2005; 11(14): 5188 - 5194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Klucking, A. S. Collins, and J. A. T. Young Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus Cytopathic Effect in the Absence of TVB Death Domain Signaling J. Virol., July 1, 2005; 79(13): 8243 - 8248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Shetty, B. A. Graham, J. G. Brown, X. Hu, N. Vegh-Yarema, G. Harding, J. T. Paul, and S. B. Gibson Transcription Factor NF-{kappa}B Differentially Regulates Death Receptor 5 Expression Involving Histone Deacetylase 1 Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2005; 25(13): 5404 - 5416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Minderman, J. M. Conroy, K. L. O'Loughlin, D. McQuaid, P. Quinn, S. Li, L. Pendyala, N. J. Nowak, and M. R. Baer In vitro and in vivo irinotecan-induced changes in expression profiles of cell cycle and apoptosis-associated genes in acute myeloid leukemia cells Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2005; 4(6): 885 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. C. Broaddus, T. B. Dansen, K. S. Abayasiriwardana, S. M. Wilson, A. J. Finch, L. B. Swigart, A. E. Hunt, and G. I. Evan Bid Mediates Apoptotic Synergy between Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and DNA Damage J. Biol. Chem., April 1, 2005; 280(13): 12486 - 12493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Kamradt, M. Lu, M. E. Werner, T. Kwan, F. Chen, A. Strohecker, S. Oshita, J. C. Wilkinson, C. Yu, P. G. Oliver, et al. The Small Heat Shock Protein {alpha}B-crystallin Is a Novel Inhibitor of TRAIL-induced Apoptosis That Suppresses the Activation of Caspase-3 J. Biol. Chem., March 25, 2005; 280(12): 11059 - 11066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Lu, T. Kwan, C. Yu, F. Chen, B. Freedman, J. M. Schafer, E.-J. Lee, J. L. Jameson, V. C. Jordan, and V. L. Cryns Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {gamma} Agonists Promote TRAIL-induced Apoptosis by Reducing Survivin Levels via Cyclin D3 Repression and Cell Cycle Arrest J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2005; 280(8): 6742 - 6751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Yamamoto, H. Nagano, M. Sakon, H. Wada, H. Eguchi, M. Kondo, B. Damdinsuren, H. Ota, M. Nakamura, H. Wada, et al. Partial Contribution of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL Receptor Pathway to Antitumor Effects of Interferon-{alpha}/5-Fluorouracil against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 10(23): 7884 - 7895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-Y. Wu, Y.-C. Chang, T.-L. Hsu, S.-L. Hsieh, and M.-Z. Lai Sensitization of Cells to TRAIL-induced Apoptosis by Decoy Receptor 3 J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 2004; 279(42): 44211 - 44218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Tolcher, J. Kuhn, G. Schwartz, A. Patnaik, L. A. Hammond, I. Thompson, H. Fingert, D. Bushnell, S. Malik, J. Kreisberg, et al. A Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Biological Correlative Study of Oblimersen Sodium (Genasense, G3139), an Antisense Oligonucleotide to the Bcl-2 mRNA, and of Docetaxel in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2004; 10(15): 5048 - 5057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Sonnemann, V. Gekeler, A. Sagrauske, C. Muller, H.-P. Hofmann, and J. F. Beck Down-regulation of protein kinase C{eta} potentiates the cytotoxic effects of exogenous tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in PC-3 prostate cancer cells Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2004; 3(7): 773 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Deeb, H. Jiang, X. Gao, M. S. Hafner, H. Wong, G. Divine, R. A. Chapman, S. A. Dulchavsky, and S. C. Gautam Curcumin sensitizes prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2L by inhibiting nuclear factor-{kappa}B through suppression of I{kappa}B{alpha} phosphorylation Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2004; 3(7): 803 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. C. Spierings, E. G. de Vries, E. Vellenga, F. A. van den Heuvel, J. J. Koornstra, J. Wesseling, H. Hollema, and S. de Jong Tissue Distribution of the Death Ligand TRAIL and Its Receptors J. Histochem. Cytochem., June 1, 2004; 52(6): 821 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Ballestrero, A. Nencioni, D. Boy, I. Rocco, A. Garuti, G. S. Mela, L. Van Parijs, P. Brossart, S. Wesselborg, and F. Patrone Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Cooperates with Anticancer Drugs to Overcome Chemoresistance in Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 Family Members Expressing Jurkat Cells Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2004; 10(4): 1463 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. R. de Almodovar, C. Ruiz-Ruiz, A. Rodriguez, G. Ortiz-Ferron, J. M. Redondo, and A. Lopez-Rivas Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Decoy Receptor TRAIL-R3 Is Up-regulated by p53 in Breast Tumor Cells through a Mechanism Involving an Intronic p53-binding Site J. Biol. Chem., February 6, 2004; 279(6): 4093 - 4101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Waxman and P. S. Schwartz Harnessing Apoptosis for Improved Anticancer Gene Therapy Cancer Res., December 15, 2003; 63(24): 8563 - 8572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Younes and M. E. Kadin Emerging Applications of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family of Ligands and Receptors in Cancer Therapy J. Clin. Oncol., September 15, 2003; 21(18): 3526 - 3534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. R. Singh, S. Shankar, X. Chen, M. Asim, and R. K. Srivastava Synergistic Interactions of Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand/Apo-2 Ligand on Apoptosis and on Regression of Breast Carcinoma in Vivo Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5390 - 5400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Greil, G. Anether, K. Johrer, and I. Tinhofer Tracking death dealing by Fas and TRAIL in lymphatic neoplastic disorders: pathways, targets, and therapeutic tools J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2003; 74(3): 311 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Buchsbaum, T. Zhou, W. E. Grizzle, P. G. Oliver, C. J. Hammond, S. Zhang, M. Carpenter, and A. F. LoBuglio Antitumor Efficacy of TRA-8 Anti-DR5 Monoclonal Antibody Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapy and/or Radiation Therapy in a Human Breast Cancer Model Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 9(10): 3731 - 3741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ray and A. Almasan Apoptosis Induction in Prostate Cancer Cells and Xenografts by Combined Treatment with Apo2 Ligand/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and CPT-11 Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 63(15): 4713 - 4723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Kim, M. Ajaz, A. Lokshin, and Y. J. Lee Role of Antiapoptotic Proteins in Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and Cisplatin-augmented Apoptosis Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(8): 3134 - 3141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Muller, S. M. Pfister, U. Grohs, J. Zweigner, R. Handgretinger, D. Niethammer, and G. Bruchelt Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor {kappa}B Ligand Plays a Nonredundant Role in Doxorubicin-induced Apoptosis Cancer Res., April 15, 2003; 63(8): 1772 - 1775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Asakuma, M. Sumitomo, T. Asano, T. Asano, and M. Hayakawa Selective Akt Inactivation and Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Sensitization of Renal Cancer Cells by Low Concentrations of Paclitaxel Cancer Res., March 15, 2003; 63(6): 1365 - 1370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.-H. Lai, Z. Zhang, and A. E. Sirica Celecoxib Acts in a Cyclooxygenase-2-independent Manner and in Synergy with Emodin to Suppress Rat Cholangiocarcinoma Growth in Vitro through a Mechanism Involving Enhanced Akt Inactivation and Increased Activation of Caspases-9 and -3 Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2003; 2(3): 265 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Hietakangas, M. Poukkula, K. M. Heiskanen, J. T. Karvinen, L. Sistonen, and J. E. Eriksson Erythroid Differentiation Sensitizes K562 Leukemia Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis by Downregulation of c-FLIP Mol. Cell. Biol., February 15, 2003; 23(4): 1278 - 1291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. O'Donovan, J. Crown, H. Stunell, A. D. K. Hill, E. McDermott, N. O'Higgins, and M. J. Duffy Caspase 3 in Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2003; 9(2): 738 - 742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. LaVallee, X. H. Zhan, M. S. Johnson, C. J. Herbstritt, G. Swartz, M. S. Williams, W. A. Hembrough, S. J. Green, and V. S. Pribluda 2-Methoxyestradiol Up-Regulates Death Receptor 5 and Induces Apoptosis through Activation of the Extrinsic Pathway Cancer Res., January 15, 2003; 63(2): 468 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Deeb, Y. X. Xu, H. Jiang, X. Gao, N. Janakiraman, R. A. Chapman, and S. C. Gautam Curcumin (Diferuloyl-Methane) Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2003; 2(1): 95 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Strater, U. Hinz, H. Walczak, G. Mechtersheimer, K. Koretz, C. Herfarth, P. Moller, and T. Lehnert Expression of TRAIL and TRAIL Receptors in Colon Carcinoma: TRAIL-R1 Is an Independent Prognostic Parameter Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2002; 8(12): 3734 - 3740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Naka, K. Sugamura, B. L. Hylander, M. B. Widmer, Y. M. Rustum, and E. A. Repasky Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Alone and in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents on Patients' Colon Tumors Grown in SCID Mice Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5800 - 5806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Spencer, S.-L. Yeh, K. Koutrevelis, C. Baulch-Brown ;, N. Mitsiades, C. Mitsiades, K. C. Anderson, and S. P. Treon TRAIL-induced apoptosis of authentic myeloma cells does not correlate with the procaspase-8/cFLIP ratio Blood, September 26, 2002; 100(8): 3049 - 3050. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ohtsuka and T. Zhou Bisindolylmaleimide VIII Enhances DR5-mediated Apoptosis through the MKK4/JNK/p38 Kinase and the Mitochondrial Pathways J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 29294 - 29303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Poulaki, C. S. Mitsiades, V. Kotoula, S. Tseleni-Balafouta, A. Ashkenazi, D. A. Koutras, and N. Mitsiades Regulation of Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2002; 161(2): 643 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chawla-Sarkar, D. W. Leaman, B. S. Jacobs, and E. C. Borden IFN-{beta} Pretreatment Sensitizes Human Melanoma Cells to TRAIL/Apo2 Ligand-Induced Apoptosis J. Immunol., July 15, 2002; 169(2): 847 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H. Igney and P. H. Krammer Immune escape of tumors: apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2002; 71(6): 907 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Frese, T. Brunner, M. Gugger, A. Uduehi, and R. A. Schmid Enhancement of Apo2L/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by chemotherapeutic agents without correlation to the expression level of cellular protease caspase-8 inhibitory protein J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 2002; 123(1): 168 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Deng, Y. Lin, and X. Wu TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires Bax-dependent mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO Genes & Dev., January 1, 2002; 16(1): 33 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Jazirehi, C.-P. Ng, X.-H. Gan, G. Schiller, and B. Bonavida Adriamycin Sensitizes the Adriamycin-resistant 8226/Dox40 Human Multiple Myeloma Cells to Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-mediated (TRAIL) Apoptosis Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 3874 - 3883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Thakkar, X. Chen, F. Tyan, S. Gim, H. Robinson, C. Lee, S. K. Pandey, C. Nwokorie, N. Onwudiwe, and R. K. Srivastava Pro-survival Function of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Prostate Cancer Cells. RELATIONSHIP WITH TRAIL RESISTANCE J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2001; 276(42): 38361 - 38369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Secchiero, A. Gonelli, C. Celeghini, P. Mirandola, L. Guidotti, G. Visani, S. Capitani, and G. Zauli Activation of the nitric oxide synthase pathway represents a key component of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated cytotoxicity on hematologic malignancies Blood, October 1, 2001; 98(7): 2220 - 2228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Mitsiades, S. P. Treon, N. Mitsiades, Y. Shima, P. Richardson, R. Schlossman, T. Hideshima, and K. C. Anderson TRAIL/Apo2L ligand selectively induces apoptosis and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications Blood, August 1, 2001; 98(3): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Liu, E. Bodle, J. Y. Chen, M. Gao, G. D. Rosen, and V. C. Broaddus Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Chemotherapy Cooperate to Induce Apoptosis in Mesothelioma Cell Lines Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 2001; 25(1): 111 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Shin, H. S. Kim, S. H. Lee, W. S. Park, S. Y. Kim, J. Y. Park, J. H. Lee, S. K. Lee, S. N. Lee, S. S. Jung, et al. Mutations of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and Receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) Genes in Metastatic Breast Cancers Cancer Res., July 1, 2001; 61(13): 4942 - 4946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Cuello, S. A. Ettenberg, A. S. Clark, M. M. Keane, R. H. Posner, M. M. Nau, P. A. Dennis, and S. Lipkowitz Down-Regulation of the erbB-2 Receptor by Trastuzumab (Herceptin) Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-mediated Apoptosis in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines that Overexpress erbB-2 Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 61(12): 4892 - 4900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. F. Pollack, M. Erff, and A. Ashkenazi Direct Stimulation of Apoptotic Signaling by Soluble Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Leads to Selective Killing of Glioma Cells Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1362 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Di Pietro, P. Secchiero, R. Rana, D. Gibellini, G. Visani, K. Bemis, L. Zamai, S. Miscia, and G. Zauli Ionizing radiation sensitizes erythroleukemic cells but not normal erythroblasts to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated cytotoxicity by selective up-regulation of TRAIL-R1 Blood, May 1, 2001; 97(9): 2596 - 2603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kagawa, C. He, J. Gu, P. Koch, S.-J. Rha, J. A. Roth, S. A. Curley, L. C. Stephens, and B. Fang Antitumor Activity and Bystander Effects of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Gene Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 61(8): 3330 - 3338. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Mitsiades, V. Poulaki, C. Mitsiades, and M. Tsokos Ewing's Sarcoma Family Tumors Are Sensitive to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and Express Death Receptor 4 and Death Receptor 5 Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(6): 2704 - 2712. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. W. Tong, M. H. Papayoti, G. Netto, D. T. Armstrong, G. Ordonez, J. M. Lawson, and M. J. Stone Growth-inhibitory Effects of CD40 Ligand (CD154) and Its Endogenous Expression in Human Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 7(3): 691 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Lacour, A. Hammann, A. Wotawa, L. Corcos, E. Solary, and M.-T. Dimanche-Boitrel Anticancer Agents Sensitize Tumor Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-mediated Caspase-8 Activation and Apoptosis Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1645 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Nimmanapalli, M. Porosnicu, D. Nguyen, E. Worthington, E. O’Bryan, C. Perkins, and K. Bhalla Cotreatment with STI-571 Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor {{alpha}}-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL or Apo-2L)- induced Apoptosis of Bcr-Abl-positive Human Acute Leukemia Cells Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 7(2): 350 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Nimmanapalli, C. L. Perkins, M. Orlando, E. O’Bryan, D. Nguyen, and K. N. Bhalla Pretreatment with Paclitaxel Enhances Apo-2 Ligand/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Death Receptors 4 and 5 Protein Levels Cancer Res., January 1, 2001; 61(2): 759 - 763. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S.-Y. Sun, P. Yue, W. K. Hong, and R. Lotan Augmentation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-induced Apoptosis by the Synthetic Retinoid 6-[3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene Carboxylic Acid (CD437) through Up-Regulation of TRAIL Receptors in Human Lung Cancer Cells Cancer Res., December 1, 2000; 60(24): 7149 - 7155. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Wen, N. Ramadevi, D. Nguyen, C. Perkins, E. Worthington, and K. Bhalla Antileukemic drugs increase death receptor 5 levels and enhance Apo-2L-induced apoptosis of human acute leukemia cells Blood, December 1, 2000; 96(12): 3900 - 3906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Gong and A. Almasan Apo2 Ligand/TNF-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and Death Receptor 5 Mediate the Apoptotic Signaling Induced by Ionizing Radiation in Leukemic Cells Cancer Res., October 1, 2000; 60(20): 5754 - 5760. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Y. Lin, A. Devin, A. Cook, M. M. Keane, M. Kelliher, S. Lipkowitz, and Z.-g. Liu The Death Domain Kinase RIP Is Essential for TRAIL (Apo2L)-Induced Activation of Ikappa B Kinase and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2000; 20(18): 6638 - 6645. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Mitsiades, V. Poulaki, S. Tseleni-Balafouta, D. A. Koutras, and I. Stamenkovic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Are Resistant to FAS-mediated Apoptosis But Sensitive to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(15): 4122 - 4129. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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L. Zamai, P. Secchiero, S. Pierpaoli, A. Bassini, S. Papa, E. S. Alnemri, L. Guidotti, M. Vitale, and G. Zauli TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as a negative regulator of normal human erythropoiesis Blood, June 15, 2000; 95(12): 3716 - 3724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Nagane, G. Pan, J. J. Weddle, V. M. Dixit, W. K. Cavenee, and H.-J. S. Huang Increased Death Receptor 5 Expression by Chemotherapeutic Agents in Human Gliomas Causes Synergistic Cytotoxicity with Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand in Vitro and in Vivo Cancer Res., February 1, 2000; 60(4): 847 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Kim, M. J. Fisher, S.-Q. Xu, and W. S. El-Deiry Molecular Determinants of Response to TRAIL in Killing of Normal and Cancer Cells Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2000; 6(2): 335 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. B. Gibson, R. Oyer, A. C. Spalding, S. M. Anderson, and G. L. Johnson Increased Expression of Death Receptors 4 and 5 Synergizes the Apoptosis Response to Combined Treatment with Etoposide and TRAIL Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2000; 20(1): 205 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. Gliniak and T. Le Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand's Antitumor Activity in Vivo Is Enhanced by the Chemotherapeutic Agent CPT-11 Cancer Res., December 1, 1999; 59(24): 6153 - 6158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Lee, M. S. Shin, H. S. Kim, H. K. Lee, W. S. Park, S. Y. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. Y. Han, J. Y. Park, R. R. Oh, et al. Alterations of the DR5/TRAIL Receptor 2 Gene in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers Cancer Res., November 1, 1999; 59(22): 5683 - 5686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. A. Fanger, C. R. Maliszewski, K. Schooley, and T. S. Griffith Human Dendritic Cells Mediate Cellular Apoptosis via Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) J. Exp. Med., October 18, 1999; 190(8): 1155 - 1164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Mizutani, O. Yoshida, T. Miki, and B. Bonavida Synergistic Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis by Apo-2 Ligand and Adriamycin against Bladder Cancer Cells Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 1999; 5(9): 2605 - 2612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Nesterov, X. Lu, M. Johnson, G. J. Miller, Y. Ivashchenko, and A. S. Kraft Elevated Akt Activity Protects the Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP from TRAIL-induced Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., March 30, 2001; 276(14): 10767 - 10774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Ettenberg, A. Magnifico, M. Cuello, M. M. Nau, Y. R. Rubinstein, Y. Yarden, A. M. Weissman, and S. Lipkowitz Cbl-b-dependent Coordinated Degradation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Complex J. Biol. Chem., July 13, 2001; 276(29): 27677 - 27684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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) or GST alone (
). Viability was measured by MTT assay, and values are given as a percentage of untreated control cells. Data are the averages for quadruplicate results from a representative experiment; bars, SD. C, deletion analysis of TRAIL function. GST-TRAIL extracellular domain fusion proteins (schematic shown on left) were tested for their ability to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells at a concentration of 25 µg/ml. TRAIL amino acid sequences with homology to other TNF family members including murine TRAIL, human Fas ligand, and human TNF are demonstrated (*). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay (right side), and values are given as a percentage of control cells. Data are the averages for quadruplicate results from a representative experiment; bars, SD. ID, intracellular domain; ED, extracellular domain; AA, amino acid.
), TRAIL (25 µg/ml 
), or the combination of chemotherapy agent and TRAIL (25 µg/ml 
