Cancer Research CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 09 AM Call for Abstracts
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online
[Cancer Research 59, 1192-1195, March 1, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chauhan, D.
Right arrow Articles by Anderson, K. C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Chauhan, D.
Right arrow Articles by Anderson, K. C.
[Cancer Research 59, 1192-1195, March 15, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

Functional Interaction between Retinoblastoma Protein and Stress-activated Protein Kinase in Multiple Myeloma Cells1

Dharminder Chauhan, Teru Hideshima, Steve Treon, Gerrard Teoh, Noopur Raje, Shima Yoshihimito, Yu-Tzu Tai, Weiwei Li, Jianguo Fan, James DeCaprio and Kenneth C. Anderson2

Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [D. C., T. H., S. T., G. T., N. R., S. Y., Y-T. T., J. D., K. C. A.], and Program for Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021 [W. L., J. F.]


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Previous studies have demonstrated that {gamma}-irradiation (IR)-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK). In the present study, we examined the molecules downstream of SAPK/C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), focusing on the role of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) during IR-induced MM cell apoptosis. The results demonstrate that IR activates SAPK/JNK, which associates with Rb both in vivo and in vitro. Far Western blot analysis confirms that SAPK/JNK binds directly to Rb. IR-activated SAPK/JNK phosphorylates Rb, and deletion of the phosphorylation site in the COOH terminus domain of Rb abrogates phosphorylation of Rb by SAPK/JNK. Taken together, our results suggest that Rb is a target protein of SAPK/JNK and that the association of SAPK/JNK and Rb mediates IR-induced apoptosis in MM cells.


   Introduction
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Treatment of eukaryotic cells with IR3 induces growth arrest, activation of DNA repair, and apoptosis. The finding that treatment with IR induces transcription of early response genes, such as c-jun and Egr-1, suggests the involvement of nuclear events (1 , 2) . To date, multiple protein kinases have been identified that transduce IR- induced signals to the nucleus. SAPK, also known as JNK, is related to the mitogen-activated protein kinases (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and has been linked to apoptosis (8) . Two serine residues (Ser63 and Ser73) in the NH2-terminal transactivation domain of c-Jun have been identified as substrates for SAPK/JNK (6 , 7) . Previous studies have shown that stress stimuli, e.g., IR, tumor necrosis factor, sphingomyelinase, and UV light, activate SAPK/JNK (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) . Our recent studies demonstrate that IR- and Fas-induced activation of SAPK/JNK in MM cells is associated with apoptosis (11 , 12) . To date, however, the mechanism whereby SAPK/JNK transduces apoptotic signals during MM cell apoptosis remains largely unknown.

The Rb protein is a nuclear phosphoprotein that regulates cell growth in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (13 , 14) . Phosphorylation of Rb plays an important role in its growth-inhibitory function by modulating its interaction with other proteins, such as E2F (13 , 14) . Recent studies have also suggested a role for Rb in apoptosis (14 , 15) , in particular, during IR-induced apoptosis (16) . Rb-mediated apoptosis has been linked to activation of serine proteases (14 , 15) . In addition, Rb protein may be a target of proteolysis by caspases, further suggesting its potential role during apoptosis (17) .

In the present study, we characterized the signaling mechanisms during IR-induced apoptosis in a MM-derived cell line. The results demonstrate that IR-activated SAPK/JNK binds directly to Rb and phosphorylates Rb, suggesting that SAPK/JNK-Rb mediates IR- induced apoptosis in MM cells.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture and Metabolic Labeling.
The human MM cell line OCI-MY5 and Rb-deficient (Rb-/-) SAOS-2 and Rb-reconstituted (Rb+/+) SAOS-2 cell lines were cultured, and {gamma}-IR was performed as described previously (11 , 18) . For labeling, cells (1 x 107) were resuspended in 1 ml of phosphate-free DMEM and incubated for 1 h before the addition of 5 mCi of [32P]orthophosphate (carrier-free; ICN). The cells were then incubated for 5 h, treated with IR for 1 h, and harvested. Lysates were then subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Rb Ab.

Reagents and Abs.
Anti-SAPK/JNK and anti-tubulin Abs were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (San Diego, CA); anti-Rb mAb (G3-245) was obtained from PharMingen (San Diego, CA). The GST-Rb (full length, 379–928) and various GST-Rb deletion constructs were kind gifts of Drs. William G. Kaelin, Jr. and Peter D. Adams (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA).

Immunoblotting/Immunoprecipitation.
Cell lysates were prepared as described previously (11 , 12 , 19) . Equal amounts of proteins (250–300 µg) were subjected to immunoprecipitation with the indicated Abs, and immune complexes were precipitated with protein A-Sepharose. The resulting protein precipitates were washed three times with lysis buffer and resolved by SDS-PAGE. Proteins were then transferred to nitrocellulose filters, blocked by incubation in 5% dry milk in PBST (0.05% Tween-20 in PBS), and probed with the indicated antibodies. Blots were then developed by enhanced chemiluminesence (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL).

In Vitro Immune Complex Assays.
Cell lysates were incubated with either PIRS or SAPK/JNK Abs for 2 h at 4°C before the addition of protein A-Sepharose. The immune complexes were washed three times with lysis buffer and once with kinase buffer and resuspended in kinase buffer containing [{gamma}-32P]ATP (3000 Ci/mmol; New England Nuclear, Boston, MA) and GST-Jun (2–100) or GST-Rb deletion constructs as substrates. The reaction was incubated for 15 min at 30°C and terminated by the addition of SDS sample buffer. Proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Coomassie Blue staining, and autoradiography.

Far Western Analysis.
The lysates from IR-treated cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-SAPK Ab and PIRS. The proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The filters were first incubated with purified GST-Rb (full length, 379–928) fusion protein (19) or with purified GST fusion protein alone (negative control) at room temperature for 2 h and then analyzed by immunoblotting with anti-GST mAb.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
REFERENCES
 
IR Induces SAPK/JNK Activation and Formation of SAPK/JNK-Rb Complexes.
Many studies have demonstrated that IR induces apoptosis in various cell types. We and others have demonstrated that anti-Fas mAb, dexamethasone, and IR trigger apoptosis in MM cells (11 , 12 , 20 , 21) . Multiple protein kinases have been shown to play an important role during apoptosis. For example, IR and UV trigger activation of SAPK/JNK and p38 kinase in MM cells as well as in other cell systems (6 , 9 , 11 , 12) . In the present study, OCI-MY5 MM cells were exposed to IR (20 Gy) for 1 and 3 h, and then assayed for activation of SAPK/JNK using an in vitro immune complex kinase assay with GST-Jun (2–100) as a substrate. Analyses of anti-SAPK/JNK immunoprecipitates demonstrated a transient 8–10-fold activation of SAPK/JNK at 1 h in MM cells without altering SAPK/JNK protein levels (Fig. 1ACitation ; data not shown). These results, coupled with our prior study (11) , suggest a role of SAPK/JNK in IR-induced apoptosis in MM cells.



View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. IR induces SAPK/JNK activation and formation of SAPK/JNK-Rb complexes. A, cells were treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1 and 3 h, and harvested. Lysates from control and IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-SAPK Ab. Immune complex kinase assays were performed by the addition of GST-Jun and [{gamma}32P]ATP and incubation for 15 min at 30°C. Phosphorylated proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography. B, cells were treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1 h and harvested. Lysates from control and IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-SAPK Ab. Equal amounts of proteins were resolved by 7.5% SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose, and subjected to immunoblotting with anti-Rb Ab (top panel) or anti-SAPK/JNK Ab (bottom panel). C, anti-Rb immunoprecipitates were immunoblotted with anti-SAPK Ab (top panel) or anti-Rb Ab (bottom panel). D, anti-SAPK immunoprecipitates from Rb-deficient (Rb-/-) and Rb-reconstituted (Rb+/+) cells were subjected to immunoblot analyses with anti-Rb Ab (top panel) or anti-SAPK Ab (bottom panel).

 
To determine whether IR-activated SAPK/JNK associates with partner proteins during apoptotic signaling, anti-SAPK/JNK immunoprecipitates from OCI-MY5 MM cells were analyzed for potential binding proteins. Coomassie Blue staining demonstrates that a Mr 110,000 protein coprecipitates with SAPK/JNK kinase, suggesting the possibility of an interaction with the Rb protein. Indeed, immunoblot analysis of anti-SAPK/JNK immunoprecipitates with anti-Rb Ab revealed increased reactivity after IR treatment (Fig. 1B)Citation . As a negative control, immunoblot analyses of PIRS immunoprecipitates with anti-Rb Ab demonstrated no reactivity with Mr 110,000 protein (data not shown). To provide additional support for an association between Rb and SAPK/JNK kinase, anti-Rb immunoprecipitates were analyzed for reactivity with anti-SAPK/JNK Ab. The results demonstrate that Rb associates with SAPK/JNK and that this association is increased by IR treatment (Fig. 1C)Citation . In these experiments, reprobing the blots either with anti-SAPK/JNK or anti-Rb Abs, respectively, demonstrated equal amounts of proteins in each lane (Fig. 1, B and CCitation , bottom panel). To confirm the specificity of Rb binding, lysates from Rb-deficient SAOS-2 (Rb-/-) and Rb-reconstituted SAOS-2 (Rb+/+) cells (18) were immunoprecipitated with SAPK/JNK Ab and immunoblotted anti-Rb Ab. Rb was undetectable in Rb-/- cells; however, Rb coimmunoprecipitated with SAPK/JNK in Rb+/+ cells (Fig. 1DCitation , top panel). Equal amounts of SAPK/JNK protein were present in both Rb-/- and Rb+/+ cells (Fig. 1DCitation , bottom panel). These results confirm the specificity of the SAPK/JNK interaction with Rb. SAPK/JNK-Rb interaction was further examined by incubating lysates from control and IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cells with a GST-Rb (full length, 379–928) fusion protein. Analysis of the adsorbates by immunoblotting with anti-SAPK/JNK Ab revealed increased reactivity with a Mr 46,000 protein (SAPK) in the IR-treated cells (data not shown). These findings suggest that SAPK/JNK interacts with Rb during IR-induced apoptosis in MM cells in vivo.

SAPK/JNK Phosphorylates Rb In Vitro.
Rb is a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays an important role in cell cycle progression and differentiation (14) . Recent studies have also suggested a role for Rb during apoptosis, in particular, IR-induced apoptosis (15 , 16) . Previous studies have shown that Rb harbors multiple phosphorylation sites and is a target of different kinases (14) , suggesting that IR-activated SAPK/JNK may directly bind and phosphorylate Rb, thereby modulating its function. A Ser/Thr-Pro consensus sequence for phosphor ylation by SAPK/JNK has been defined (5) , and the COOH terminus domain of Rb has a Ser/Thr residue flanked by proline (Thr821). To determine whether IR-activated SAPK/JNK can phosphorylate Rb, anti-SAPK/JNK immunoprecipitates were tested using in vitro immune complex kinase assays with GST-Rb (full-length, 379–928) as a substrate. The results demonstrated that SAPK/JNK phosphorylates Rb in vitro (Fig. 2A)Citation .



View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. SAPK/JNK phosphorylates Rb in vitro. A, cells were treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1, 3, and 6 h and harvested. Lysates from control and IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-SAPK Ab. Immune complex kinase assays were performed by the addition of GST-Rb (379–928) and [{gamma}32P]ATP, followed by incubation for 15 min at 30°C. The phosphorylated proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography. B, IR induces increased Rb phosphorylation in vivo. Cells were cultured for 5 h in the presence of [32P]orthophosphate. Labeled cells were either left untreated or treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1 h and harvested. Lysates from control and IR-treated cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-Rb Ab. The phosphorylated proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography and densitometric analyses.

 
IR Induces Rb Phosphorylation In Vivo.
Two recent studies show that Rb activation may be associated with apoptosis. First, IR-induced apoptosis in neonatal rat kidney cells is correlated with increased Rb expression (22) . Rb phosphorylation is known to regulate the G1-to-S-phase transition of cells, and a second study showed that tumor necrosis factor-treated adipocytes enter S phase; however, rather than progressing through the cell cycle, these cells undergo apoptosis (23) . These two studies suggest that transient activation of Rb may be associated with tumor cell apoptosis. In the present study, we assayed for Rb phosphorylation in vivo in response to IR treatment. Cells were labeled with [32P]orthophosphate before treatment with IR for 1 h. Lysates from both untreated and IR-treated cells were controlled for an equal amount of protein by Bradford assays (11) and immunoprecipitated with anti-Rb Ab; proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE gel. Densitometric analyses demonstrated a threefold increase in phosphorylated Rb in IR-treated cells relative to Rb expression in untreated cells (Fig. 2B)Citation . Immunoblot analyses of the total cell lysates with anti-tubulin Ab demonstrated equal protein levels in untreated and IR-treated cell lysates (data not shown). These findings are consistent with other reports where Rb phosphorylation precedes cell death or apoptosis (22, 23, 24) .

IR-activated SAPK/JNK Differentially Phosphorylates the GST-Rb Deletion Construct.
Having shown that IR-activated SAPK/JNK phosphorylates Rb, we next determined whether deletion of the hydrophobic domain or phosphorylation site in the COOH terminus domain of Rb can abrogate the ability of SAPK/JNK to phosphorylate Rb. OCI-MY5 MM cells were either untreated or treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1 h and harvested. Lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-SAPK/JNK Ab, and in vitro immune complex kinase assays were performed utilizing various GST-Rb deletion fusion constructs as substrates (Fig. 3A)Citation . The results demonstrate that elimination of phosphorylation site Thr821 (GST-829–928) abrogates phosphorylation of Rb by activated SAPK/JNK (Fig. 3B)Citation . Moreover, sequential deletion of the hydrophobic domain in the COOH terminus of Rb also abrogates the ability of SAPK/JNK to phosphorylate Rb (Fig. 3B)Citation . Therefore, as with other protein kinases that phosphorylate Rb, SAPK/JNK requires a binding site in the COOH terminus of Rb to phosphorylate Rb. These findings confirm that the IR-induced association between SAPK/JNK and Rb is mediated primarily through the COOH terminus domain of Rb.



View larger version (23K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. A, schematic representation of GST-Rb fusion constructs. {blacktriangleup}, a potential phosphorylation site for SAPK/JNK in the Rb COOH terminus domain. B, differential phosphorylation of GST-Rb deletion constructs by IR-activated SAPK/JNK. Cells were treated with IR (20 Gy) for 1 h and harvested. Lysates from control and IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-SAPK Ab. Immune complex kinase assays were performed by the addition of the indicated GST-Rb constructs and [{gamma}32P]ATP, followed by incubation for 15 min at 30°C. The phosphorylated proteins were resolved by 10% SDS-PAGE and analyzed by autoradiography. C, Direct association of SAPK with Rb. Lysates from IR-treated cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-SAPK Ab and PIRS. Proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The filters were incubated with purified GST-Rb (full length, 379–928) fusion protein or with purified GST alone (negative control) and then immunoblotted with anti-GST Ab. The arrow indicates the molecular weight of SAPK/JNK.

 
SAPK/JNK Directly Associates with Rb.
To further examine the direct SAPK/JNK-Rb interaction, anti-SAPK/JNK and PIRS immunoprecipitates from IR-treated OCI-MY5 MM cell lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Two identical filters were obtained: (a) the first filter was incubated with purified GST-Rb fusion protein (full length, 379–928; Fig. 3CCitation , right panel); and (b) the second filter was incubated with GST alone (as a negative control Fig. 3CCitation , left panel). Both filters were then subjected to immunoblot analyses with anti-GST Ab. The appearance of a Mr 46,000 protein (consistent with the molecular weight of SAPK/JNK) in the filter incubated with GST-Rb confirmed the direct association between SAPK/JNK and Rb proteins (Fig. 3C)Citation . No reactivity was observed in the filter incubated with GST alone (Fig. 3CCitation , left panel). These findings suggest that IR-activated SAPK/JNK may modulate Rb function by direct binding.

The results of the present study therefore demonstrate that IR-induced apoptotic signaling involves SAPK/JNK-Rb interaction and suggest a potential role of Rb in IR-triggered apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, it remains unclear how binding of Rb to SAPK/JNK potentiates apoptotic signaling. For example, the interaction of Rb with SAPK may transiently enable cells to enter S phase, thereby increasing their susceptibility to undergo apoptosis. Given a recent report that overexpression of E2F-1 induces apoptosis (25) , it is also possible that activated SAPK/JNK phosphorylates Rb, thereby increasing free E2F-1 and inducing apoptosis. Ongoing studies are delineating these and other mechanisms whereby Rb modulates apoptotic signaling.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Drs. Joseph R. Bertino, William Kaelin, Jr., and Surender M. Kharbanda for critical review of the manuscript and helpful suggestions.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported by USPHS Grant CA50947 to (K. C. A.) and a Kathy Giusti Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation Fellowship to (D. C.). Back

2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: (617) 632-2144; Fax: (617) 632-2569; E-mail: kenneth_anderson{at}dfci.harvard.edu Back

3 The abbreviations used are: IR, irradiation; SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Rb, retinoblastoma; MM, multiple myeloma; Ab, antibody; GST, glutathione S-transferase; mAb, monoclonal Ab; PIRS, preimmune rabbit serum. Back

Received 1/12/99. Accepted 2/ 1/99.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Sherman M., Datta R., Hallahan D., Weichselbaum R., Kufe D. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of c-jun expression during monocytic differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 5663-5666, 1990.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Datta R., Rubin E., Sukhatme V., Qureshi S., Weichselbaum R., Kufe D. Ionizing radiation activates transcription of the EGR1 gene via CarG elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 10149-10153, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Anderson N. G., Maller J. L., Tonks N. K., Sturgill T. W. Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinases. Nature (Lond.), 343: 651-653, 1990.[Medline]
  4. Boulton T. G., Nye S. H., Robbins D. J., Ip N. Y., Radziejewska E., Morgenbesser S. D., DePinho R., Panayotatos N., Cobb M., Yancopoulos G. D. ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell, 65: 663-665, 1991.[Medline]
  5. Kyriakis J. M., Avruch J. Sounding the alarm: protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammation. J. Biol. Chem., 271: 24313-24318, 1996.[Free Full Text]
  6. Derijard B., Hibi M., Wu I. H., Barrett T., Su B., Deng T., Karin M., Davis R. J. JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and H-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell, 76: 1025-1037, 1994.[Medline]
  7. Kyriakis J. M., Banerjee P., Nikolakaki E., Dai T., Rubie E. A., Ahmad M. F., Avruch J., Woodgett J. R. The stress-activated protein kinase subfamily of c-Jun kinases. Nature (Lond.), 369: 156-160, 1994.[Medline]
  8. Verheij M., Bose R., Lin X-H., Yao B., Jarvis W. D., Grant S., Birrer M. J., Szabo E., Zon L. I., Kyriakis J. M., Haimovitz-Friedman A., Fuks Z., Kolesnick R. N. Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signaling in stress-induced apoptosis. Nature (Lond.), 380: 75-79, 1996.[Medline]
  9. Kharbanda S., Saleem A., Shafman T., Emoto Y., Weichselbaum R., Woodgett J., Avruch Y., Kyriakis J., Kufe D. Ionizing radiation stimulates a Grb2-mediated association of the stress-activated protein kinase with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 18871-18874, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Hibi M., Lin A., Smeal T., Minden A., Karin M. Identification of an oncoprotein and UV-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Dev., 7: 2135-2148, 1993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Chauhan D., Pandey P., Ogata A., Urashima M., Teoh G., Kharbanda S. M., Anderson K. C. Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells is independent of SAPK/JNK activation. Oncogene, 15: 837-843, 1997.[Medline]
  12. Chauhan D., Kharbanda S., Ogata A., Urashima M., Teoh G., Robertson M. J., Kufe D. W., Anderson K. C. Interleukin-6 inhibits Fas-induced apoptosis and stress-activated protein kinase activation in multiple myeloma cells. Blood, 89: 227-234, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Sherr C. J. Cancer cell cycle. Science (Washington, DC), 274: 1672-1677, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Herwig S., Strauss M. The retinoblastoma protein: a master regulator of cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. Eur. J. Biochem., 246: 581-601, 1997.[Medline]
  15. Dou Q. P. Putative roles of retinoblastoma protein in apoptosis. Apoptosis, 2: 5-18, 1997.[Medline]
  16. Bowen C., Spiegel S., Gelaman E. P. Radiation-induced apoptosis mediated by retinoblastoma protein. Cancer Res., 58: 3275-3281, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Porter A. G., Ng P., Janicke R. U. Death substrates come alive. Bioessays, 19: 501-507, 1997.[Medline]
  18. Li W. W., Fan J., Houchauser J., Banerjee S., Zielinski Z., Almasan A., Yin Y., Kelly R., Wahl G. M., Bertino J. R. Lack of functional retinoblastoma protein mediated increased resistance to antimetabolites in human sarcoma cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 10436-10440, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Adams, P. D., Li, X., Sellers, W. R., Baker, K. B., Leng, X., Harper, J. W., Taya, Y., and Kaelin, W. G., Jr. The retinoblastoma protein contains a C-terminal motif that targets it for phosphorylation by cyclin/cdk complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol., in press, 1999.
  20. Lichtenstein A., Tu Y., Fady C., Vescio R., Berenson J. Interleukin-6 inhibits apoptosis of malignant plasma cells. Cell Immunol., 162: 248-255, 1995.[Medline]
  21. Westerndorf J. J., Lammeret J., Jelinek D. F. Expression and function of Fas (APO-1/CD95) in patient myeloma cells and myeloma cell lines. Blood, 85: 3566-3576, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Gobe G. C., Halliday J., Dunn I. S., Harmon B. V., Schoch E., Khan S. M., Allan D. J. Expression and localization of the retinoblastoma gene during radiation-induced apoptosis in neonatal rat kidney. Exp. Cell Res., 235: 354-361, 1997.[Medline]
  23. Honma N., Hosono Y., Kishimoto T., Hisanaga S. Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein at apoptotic cell death in rat neuroblastoma B50 cells. Neurosci. Lett., 235: 45-48, 1997.[Medline]
  24. Gill J. S., Windebank A. J. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons is associated with attempted entry into the cell cycle. J. Clin. Invest., 101: 2842-2850, 1998.[Medline]
  25. Iglesias M., Yen K., Gaiotti D., Hildesheim A., Stoler M. H., Woodworth C. D. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein sensitizes cervical keratinocytes to apoptosis and release of interleukin-1-{alpha}. Oncogene, 17: 1195-1205, 1998.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
M. A. Gerber, S. M. Bahr, and D. H. Gutmann
Protein 4.1B/Differentially Expressed in Adenocarcinoma of the Lung-1 Functions as a Growth Suppressor in Meningioma Cells by Activating Rac1-Dependent c-Jun-NH2-kinase Signaling.
Cancer Res., May 15, 2006; 66(10): 5295 - 5303.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Kumar, A. I. Miller, and P. J. Polverini
p38 MAPK Mediates {gamma}-Irradiation-induced Endothelial Cell Apoptosis, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protects Endothelial Cells through the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Akt-Bcl-2 Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., October 8, 2004; 279(41): 43352 - 43360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
L. C. Platanias
Map kinase signaling pathways and hematologic malignancies
Blood, June 15, 2003; 101(12): 4667 - 4679.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. H. Ghahremani, E. Keramaris, T. Shree, Z. Xia, R. J. Davis, R. Flavell, R. S. Slack, and D. S. Park
Interaction of the c-Jun/JNK Pathway and Cyclin-dependent Kinases in Death of Embryonic Cortical Neurons Evoked by DNA Damage
J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 2002; 277(38): 35586 - 35596.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Holmberg, S. Katz, M. Lerdrup, T. Herdegen, M. Jaattela, A. Aronheim, and T. Kallunki
A Novel Specific Role for Ikappa B Kinase Complex-associated Protein in Cytosolic Stress Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 31918 - 31928.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
E. J. Morris, E. Keramaris, H. J. Rideout, R. S. Slack, N. J. Dyson, L. Stefanis, and D. S. Park
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and P53 Pathways Are Activated Independently and Mediate Bax Activation in Neurons after DNA Damage
J. Neurosci., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 5017 - 5026.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Virol.Home page
Q. Sheng, T. M. Love, and B. Schaffhausen
J Domain-Independent Regulation of the Rb Family by Polyomavirus Large T Antigen
J. Virol., June 1, 2000; 74(11): 5280 - 5290.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chauhan, D.
Right arrow Articles by Anderson, K. C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Chauhan, D.
Right arrow Articles by Anderson, K. C.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online