This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Birner, P. Articles by Oberhuber, G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Birner, P. Articles by Oberhuber, G.

Overexpression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Is a Marker for an Unfavorable Prognosis in Early-Stage Invasive Cervical Cancer¹

Institute of Clinical Pathology [P. B., C. P., G. B., G. O.] and Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics [M. S., A. O.], University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

	ABSTRACT

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional factor that regulates genes involved in response to hypoxia and promotes neoangiogenesis, which are considered essential for tumor growth and progression. Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the influence of HIF-1 expression on prognosis in 91 patients with cervical cancer stage pT1b. In univariate and multivariate analysis, patients with strong expression of HIF-1 had a significantly shorter overall survival time (P = 0.0307, log-rank test) and disease-free survival time (P < 0.0001, log-rank test) compared with those with moderate to absent HIF-1 expression. HIF-1 expression is a strong independent prognostic marker in early stage cervical cancer.

	Introduction

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
It is well known that in the absence of neovascularization, growth of malignant epithelial tumors is limited to several mm³ , because of the restricted capacities of oxygen and/or glucose diffusion from blood vessels (1) . After having reached this size, the tumor volume is only subject to minor changes as the rate of cell death largely equals that of cell division. Several factors assist carcinomas in surmounting its limits in tumor growths: (a) the development of vessels. As a matter of fact, angiogenesis is considered essential for tumor growth and the development of metastases (2) and the progression from precursor lesions to invasive cancer (3) ; and (b) the cellular adaptation to hypoxia (4 , 5) . This is particularly important because cancer cell proliferation may outpace the rate of angiogenesis (1) , resulting in tissue hypoxia, thus forcing the tumor to adapt to these environmental conditions.

The mechanisms leading to adaptation of tumor cells to these unfavorable environmental factors are still poorly understood (5) . One key factor in supporting adaptation may be HIF-1,³ which is known to play an essential role in cellular O₂ homeostasis (6) . HIF-1 is a heterodimeric bHLH-PAS complex [PAS is an acronym that refers to the first proteins in which this motif was identified, i.e., PER (the protein product of the Drosophila period gene), ARNT (the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator), and SIM (the protein product of the Drosophila single-minded gene)] composed of the two subunits HIF-1 and HIF-1ß (7) . The bHLH domain mediates dimerization and DNA binding in a large number of transcription factors. PAS is an additional dimerization motif. Whereas HIF-1ß is a common subunit of multiple bHLH proteins, HIF-1 is the unique, O₂-regulated subunit that determines HIF-1 activity (6) .

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide (8) . Because of nationwide screening programs in developed countries, most patients are first seen with stage 1 disease. Stage 1 cervical cancer has a favorable outcome in most patients; nevertheless, approximately 20–35% of patients are expected to die from their disease (9) . Until now, it is unknown which factors influence the fate of these patients. Overexpression of HIF-1 protein has been demonstrated in a variety of human cancers by immunohistochemistry (5) ; data on its impact on prognosis, in particular in cervical cancer, do not exist thus far. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of immunohistochemically detected HIF-1 expression on prognosis in human early-stage cervical cancer.

	Materials and Methods

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
Patients and Tissues.
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of 91 patients with invasive cervical cancer, UICC stage pT1b, were examined. Diagnosis was established preoperatively by punch biopsy or cone excision, and patients were treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. In cases with pelvic lymph node metastases or tumor invasion of the outer third of the uterine cervix, adjuvant radiation therapy was applied postoperatively. Radiation therapy consisted of brachytherapy at a total dose of 42 Gy applied intracavitarily. In patients with positive lymph nodes, external beam radiation at a total dose of 50 Gy was applied. The mean observation time was 81.6 ± 42.7 months. During this observation period, 29 patients (31.9%) developed recurrent disease and deceased.

Tumors were considered bulky when infiltrating the outer third of the cervix or having a diameter of 40 mm or more. Vascular space involvement was determined in slides routinely stained with H&E and was considered positive if at least one tumor cell cluster was clearly visible in a vascular space (10) . Tissue of five cervices histologically considered normal were used to compare HIF-1 expression in normal versus malignant epithelia. In addition, 10 samples of CIN III were also immunostained for HIF-1 (mean patient age, 37.5 ± 10.5 years).

Immunohistochemistry.
The expression of HIF-1 was determined immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded specimens fixed in 4% buffered formalin. Histological slides, 4 µm in thickness, were deparaffined in xylol. Slides were heated in 0.01 M citrate buffer for 16 min in a microwave oven, and endogenous peroxidase was blocked with methanol containing 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min. For immunohistochemical detection of HIF-1, specimens were incubated overnight at 4°C with a monoclonal anti-HIF-1 antibody (Clone MAb H167, #NB 100–105; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO; Ref. 5 ) in a dilution of 1:60. According to the manufacturer’s specifications, this antibody recognizes bands at M_r 120,000 in Western blot, representing HIF-1 in activated cells, and has also been used to immunoprecipitate human HIF-1. Visualization of bound antibodies was performed by using a Super Sensitive kit (#AP900-M; BioGenex, San Ramon, CA), which is based on streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex formation, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. As chromogen, 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (BioGenex) was used. As positive control, a specimen of colon adenocarcinoma with strong expression of HIF-1 was used (5) .

Expression of HIF-1 was determined by two independent observers (P. B. and G. O.) by assessing semiquantitatively the percentage of stained tumor cells and the staining intensity. The percentage of positive cells was rated as follows: 2 points, 11–50% positive tumor cells; 3 points, 51–80% positive cells; and 4 points, >81% positive cells. The staining intensity was rated as follows: 1 point, weak intensity; 2 points, moderate intensity; and 3 points, strong intensity. Points for expression and percentage of positive cells were added, and specimens were attributed to four groups according to their overall score: negative, 10% of cells stained positive, regardless of intensity; weak expression, 3 points; moderate expression, 4–5 points; and strong expression, 6–7 points.

Expression of p53 was investigated using a standard protocol with the monoclonal antibody DO-7 (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark; Ref. 11 ). Detection was performed using a Super Sensitive kit (#AP900-M; BioGenex) and diaminobenzidine. As positive control, a specimen of colorectal cancer with a known mutation of p53 was used. A specimen was considered as "positive" for p53 expression if a vast majority of tumor cells showed distinct nuclear staining, suggesting accumulation of nonfunctional p53, otherwise as "negative" with regard to p53 expression. The negative control slides for both antibodies were prepared from the same tissue block. Instead of the primary antibody, a nonimmune serum was applied.

Statistical Methods.
Differences in HIF-1 expression between cervical cancer and CIN III were investigated using the Mann-Whitney- test, as well as differences in HIF-1 expression between tumors with and without expression of p53. Correlation of HIF-1 expression with various clinical and histopathological parameters was investigated using Kruskal-Wallis test. OS was defined as the period from primary surgery until the death of the patient. Death from a cause other than cervical cancer or survival until the end of the observation period were considered censoring events. DFS was defined from the end of primary therapy until first evidence of progression of disease. Univariate analysis of OS and DFS was performed as outlined by Kaplan and Meier (12) . The Cox proportional- hazards model was used for multivariate analysis. HIF-1 expression, lymphatic node status, vascular invasion, histological grading, and tumor size (bulky versus nonbulky) were entered into Cox regression. For all tests, a two-tailed P 0.05 was considered significant.

	Results

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
HIF-1 expression was recognized through a nuclear staining of positive cells. There was no expression of this protein in normal cervical samples. In contrast, immunohistochemistry revealed decoration by the HIF-1 antibody in 81.3% of the tumor samples. In 16 (17.6%) cases, there was a weak (Fig. 1) , in 38 (41.8%) a moderate, and in 20 samples (22%) a strong expression of HIF-1 (Fig. 2) . In only 17 samples (18.7%), no HIF-1 was detected in tumor cells. In 77 cases, nondysplastic squamous cell epithelium directly adjacent to invasive cancer was present, and in 15 cases, it showed weak expression of HIF-1 in the basal and intermediate cells. In these cases, the cancer cells also showed moderate to strong expression of HIF-1.

View larger version (74K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. A specimen of invasive cervical cancer with weak expression of HIF-1. Nuclear staining of weak intensity can be seen only in a subset of cancer cells. Immunoperoxidase, x200.

View larger version (74K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. A specimen of invasive cervical cancer with strong expression of HIF-1. Note the distinct nuclear staining in a vast majority of cancer cells. Immunoperoxidase, x100.

In the Kruskal-Wallis test, no significant correlation between HIF-1 expression and lymphatic node involvement (P = 0.325), patients’ age (P = 0.442), histological grading (P = 0.105), and tumor size (P = 0.499) was found. Ten specimens of invasive cancer (11%) were considered positive with regard to p53 expression, and 2 specimens (20%) of CIN III. No correlation of p53 and HIF-1 expression was observed (P = 0.453, Mann-Whitney test).

When survival of patients with strong expression of HIF-1 was compared with survival of patients with moderate to absent expression of HIF-1, Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank test) revealed a significant influence of HIF-1 expression on OS (P = 0.0307; Fig. 3A ) and DFS (P < 0.0001; Fig. 3B ). Expression of HIF-1 remained an independent prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.0129) and DFS (P = 0.0002) in multivariate analysis (Table 1) .

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. A, cumulative OS in 91 patients with cervical cancer stage pT1b with strong expression of HIF-1 (a) and moderate to absent expression of HIF-1 (b). B, cumulative DFS in 91 patients with cervical cancer stage pT1b with strong expression of HIF-1 (a) and moderate to absent expression of HIF-1 (b).

	Discussion

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
Here we show that expression of HIF-1 as revealed by immunohistochemistry can be observed in various intensities in 81.3% of early-stage invasive cervical cancers and in 80% of CIN III but not in "normal" cervical epithelia. We demonstrate for the first time that HIF-1 expression is a strong prognostic marker mainly for DFS in UICC stage pT1b cervical cancer.

How can this influence on prognosis be explained in cervical cancer? HIF-1 probably has a dual function in early cancerogenesis. On the one hand, it may stimulate angiogenesis via transactivation of the VEGF gene, thus supporting tumor growth. On the other hand, HIF-1 may associate with p53 protein, thus increasing the stability of p53 (13) . In this situation, cells have a higher susceptibility to succumb because of hypoxia through p53-induced apoptosis. This is supported by the fact that the loss of wild-type p53 is associated with a marked reduction in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis (14) . The interrelationship between HIF-1 and p53 is also supported by the finding that HIF-1-/- ES cells show no induction of p53 protein or apoptosis in response to O₂ and glucose deprivation (15) . Therefore, HIF-1 may support hypoxia-mediated apoptosis via stabilization of p53. It therefore appears that the combination of p53 protein dysfunction, e.g., through somatic mutation, and HIF-1 overexpression seem to be necessary to allow HIF-1 to sufficiently stimulate tumor progression in early cancerogenesis through mediating angiogenesis and inducing adaptive intracellular responses to hypoxia without supporting proapoptotic mechanisms.

In the vast majority of patients, cervical cancer is caused by infection with HPV types with high oncogenic risk (e.g., HPV 16, 18, and 33; Ref. 16 ). HPV may be an important coplayer for the development of tumorigenic properties of HIF-1. In cervical cancer, p53 is most commonly inactivated by the viral oncoprotein E6 (17) and not by mutations (18) . Furthermore, the E6 oncoprotein has been demonstrated to stimulate HIF-1 expression as a consequence of ubiquitin-dependent conjugation and degradation of p53 (19) . Therefore, in cervical cancer, the tumor-suppressive functions of HIF-1 may be lost already in initial stages in the majority of cases through the influence of HPV infection and p53 protein inactivation. The function remaining is its angiogenic property via activation of the VEGF gene (19) . The extent of neoangiogenesis, as assessed by determination of microvessel density, is influenced by VEGF (20) and is considered to support progression of cervical cancer (3) . Consistent with this notion are results of earlier studies on the collective presented here showing that a high microvessel density had a negative impact on survival (9) .

Presumably because of HPV infection, the impact of HIF-1 expression on prognosis may be more clearly seen in cervical cancer as compared with other cancers with functioning p53 in a high percentage of cases. On the basis of our findings, we speculate that increased expression of HIF-1 is an important event in the progression of cervical cancer at least in a subgroup of patients. It may either increase O₂ availability or metabolic adaptation to O₂ deprivation. This notion is supported by the fact that HIF-1 influences a number of genes that partly play a role in tumor progression including erythropoietin, transferrin, endothelin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, heme oxygenase 1, VEGF, insulin-like growth factor-2, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins -2 and -3, and 13 different glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes (6) .

In conclusion, we have shown here for the first time that overexpression of HIF-1 is a marker for tumor progression in cervical cancer. Further studies will show whether HIF-1 has a similar impact on prognosis in other forms of cancer. Furthermore, they should reveal whether inactivation of p53, as it is known to exist in cervical cancer through the viral protein E6, is essential for the potential tumorigenic effects of HIF-1.

	FOOTNOTES

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ The study was supported by a grant from the Medizinisch-Wissenschaftlicher Fonds des Bürgermeisters der Bundeshauptstadt Wien.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at the Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Phone: 43-1-40400-3650; Fax: 43-1-4053402; E-mail: peter.birner{at}akh-wien.ac.at

³ The abbreviations used are: HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; bHLH, basic helix-loop-helix; UICC, International Union Against Cancer; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; HPV, human papillomavirus.

Received 5/22/00. Accepted 7/20/00.

	REFERENCES

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 

1. Dang C. V., Semenza G. L. Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem. Sci., 24: 68-72, 1999.[Medline]
2. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other diseases. Nature Med., 1: 27-31, 1995.[Medline]
3. Obermair A., Bancher-Todesca D., Bilgi S., Kaider A., Kohlberger P., Müllauer-Ertl S., Leodolter S., Gitsch G. Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and microvessel density in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 89: 1212-1217, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Maxwell P. H., Wiesener M. S., Chang G., Clifford S. C., Vaux E. C., Cockman M. E., Wykoff C. C., Pugh C. W., Maher E. R., Ratcliffe P. J. The tumor suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature (Lond.), 399: 271-276, 1999.[Medline]
5. Zhong H., De Marzo A. M., Laughner E., Lim M., Hilton D., Zagzag D., Buechler P., Isaacs W. B., Semenza G. L., Simons J. W. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in common human cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res., 59: 5830-5835, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Semenza G. L. Regulation of mammalian O₂ homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 15: 551-578, 1999.[Medline]
7. Wang G. L., Jiang B. H., Rue E. A., Semenza G. L. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O₂ tension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 5510-5514, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Recio F. O., Sahai-Srivastava B. I., Wong C., Hempling R. E., Eltabbakh G. H., Piver M. S. The clinical value of digene hybrid capture HPV DNA testing in a referral-based population with abnormal pap smears. Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol., 19: 203-208, 1998.[Medline]
9. Obermair A., Wanner C., Bilgi S., Speiser P., Kaider A., Reinthaller A., Leodolter S., Gitsch G. Tumor angiogenesis in stage IB cervical cancer: correlation of microvessel density with survival. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 178: 314-319, 1998.[Medline]
10. Roche W., Norris H. Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer (Phila.), 36: 180-186, 1975.[Medline]
11. Mashimo T., Watabe M., Hirota S., Hosobe S., Miura K., Tegtmeyer P. J., Rinker-Shaeffer C. W., Watabe K. The expression of the KAI1 gene, a tumor metastasis suppressor, is directly activated by p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 11307-11311, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Kaplan E. L., Meier P. Non-parametric estimation from incomplete observations. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 53: 457-481, 1985.
13. An W. G., Kanekal M., Simon M. C., Maltepe E., Blagosklonny M. V., Neckers L. M. Stabilization of wild-type p53 by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Nature (Lond.), 392: 405-408, 1998.[Medline]
14. Graeber T. G., Osmanian C., Jacks T., Housman D. E., Koch C. J., Lowe S. W., Giaccia A. J. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumors. Nature (Lond.), 379: 88-91, 1996.[Medline]
15. Carmeliet P., Dor Y., Herbert J. M., Fukumura D., Brusselmans K., Dewerchin M., Neeman M., Bono F., Abramovitch R., Maxwell P., Koch C. J., Ratcliffe P., Moons L., Jain R. K., Collen D., Keshert E. Role of HIF-1 in hypoxia mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Nature (Lond.), 394: 485-490, 1998.[Medline]
16. Nindl I., Greinke C., Zamh D., Stockfleth E., Hoyer H., Schneider A. Human papillomavirus distribution in cervical tissues of different morphology as determined by hybrid capture assay and PCR. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 16: 197-204, 1997.[Medline]
17. Havre P. A., Yuan J., Hedrick L., Cho K. R., Glazer P. M. p53 inactivation by HPV16 E6 results in increased mutagenesis in human cells. Cancer Res., 55: 4420-4424, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Paquette R. L., Lee Y., Wilczynski S. P., Karmakar A., Kizaki M., Miller C. W., Koeffler H. P. Mutations of p53 and human papillomavirus infection in cervical carcinoma. Cancer (Phila.), 72: 1272-1280, 1993.[Medline]
19. Ravi R., Mookerjee B., Bhujwalla Z. M., Sutter C. H., Artemov D., Zeng Q., Dillehay L. E., Madan A., Semenza G. L., Bedi A. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by p53-induced degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Genes Dev., 14: 34-44, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Dvorak H. F., Brown L. F., Detmar M., Dworak A. M. Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am. J. Pathol., 146: 1029-1039, 1995.[Abstract]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M.-T. Lin, I-H. Kuo, C.-C. Chang, C.-Y. Chu, H.-Y. Chen, B.-R. Lin, M. Sureshbabu, H.-J. Shih, and M.-L. Kuo Involvement of Hypoxia-inducing Factor-1{alpha}-dependent Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Up-regulation in Cyr61/CCN1-induced Gastric Cancer Cell Invasion J. Biol. Chem., June 6, 2008; 283(23): 15807 - 15815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Lee, J. D. Lynd, S. O'Reilly, M. Kiupel, J. J. McCormick, and J. J. LaPres The Biphasic Role of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase, PHD2, in Modulating Tumor-Forming Potential Mol. Cancer Res., May 1, 2008; 6(5): 829 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C-Y Chai, W-T Chen, W-C Hung, W-Y Kang, Y-C Huang, Y-C Su, and C-H Yang Hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} expression correlates with focal macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis and unfavourable prognosis in urothelial carcinoma J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2008; 61(5): 658 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Y. Koh, T. Spivak-Kroizman, S. Venturini, S. Welsh, R. R. Williams, D. L. Kirkpatrick, and G. Powis Molecular mechanisms for the activity of PX-478, an antitumor inhibitor of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2008; 7(1): 90 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. L. Lee, W. H. Kim, J. Jung, S. J. Cho, J.-W. Park, J. Kim, H.-Y. Chung, M. S. Chang, and S. Y. Nam A hypoxia-independent up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 by AKT contributes to angiogenesis in human gastric cancer Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2008; 29(1): 44 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Rapisarda and G. Melillo HIF-1 Inhibitors: Novel Opportunities for Cancer Therapy ASCO Educational Book, January 1, 2008; 2008(1): 543 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Klatte, D. B. Seligson, S. B. Riggs, J. T. Leppert, M. K. Berkman, M. D. Kleid, H. Yu, F. F. Kabbinavar, A. J. Pantuck, and A. S. Belldegrun Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2007; 13(24): 7388 - 7393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. H. Lu, J. D. Wright, B. Belt, R. D. Cardiff, and J. M. Arbeit Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Facilitates Cervical Cancer Progression in Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Transgenic Mice Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2007; 171(2): 667 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E R Nijhuis, H W Nijman, K A Oien, A Bell, K A ten Hoor, N Reesink-Peters, H M Boezen, H Hollema, and A G J van der Zee Loss of MSH2 protein expression is a risk factor in early stage cervical cancer J. Clin. Pathol., July 1, 2007; 60(7): 824 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Tang, Q. Zhang, J. Nishitani, J. Brown, S. Shi, and A. D. Le Overexpression of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Oncoproteins Enhances Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Protein Accumulation and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 13(9): 2568 - 2576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jalota-Badhwar, R. Kaul-Ghanekar, D. Mogare, R. Boppana, K. M. Paknikar, and S. Chattopadhyay SMAR1-derived P44 Peptide Retains Its Tumor Suppressor Function through Modulation of p53 J. Biol. Chem., March 30, 2007; 282(13): 9902 - 9913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-H. Lim, J.-W. Park, S. J. Kim, M.-S. Kim, S.-K. Park, R. S. Johnson, and Y.-S. Chun ATP6V0C Competes with Von Hippel-Lindau Protein in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} (HIF-1{alpha}) Binding and Mediates HIF-1{alpha} Expression by Bafilomycin A1 Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2007; 71(3): 942 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q.-C. Yang, B.-F. Zeng, Y. Dong, Z.-M. Shi, Z.-M. Jiang, and J. Huang Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} in Human Osteosarcoma: Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters and Survival Outcome Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2007; 37(2): 127 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Lopez-Lazaro Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 as a Possible Target for Cancer Chemoprevention Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2332 - 2335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. K. Lee, R. T.P. Poon, A. P. Yuen, M. T. Ling, X. H. Wang, Y. C. Wong, X. Y. Guan, K. Man, Z. Y. Tang, and S. T. Fan Regulation of Angiogenesis by Id-1 through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha}-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Up-regulation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2006; 12(23): 6910 - 6919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-H. Lim, J.-W. Park, M.-S. Kim, S.-K. Park, R. S. Johnson, and Y.-S. Chun Bafilomycin Induces the p21-Mediated Growth Inhibition of Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions by Expressing Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2006; 70(6): 1856 - 1865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Choi, Y.-S. Chun, S.-W. Kim, M.-S. Kim, and J.-W. Park Curcumin Inhibits Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 by Degrading Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator: A Mechanism of Tumor Growth Inhibition Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2006; 70(5): 1664 - 1671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Melillo Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 for Cancer Therapy Mol. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 4(9): 601 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Li, X. Lin, A. R. Shoemaker, D. H. Albert, S. W. Fesik, and Y. Shen Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Inhibition in Combination with Temozolomide Treatment Exhibits Robust Antitumor Efficacy In vivo Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 12(15): 4747 - 4754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.-J. Yeo, J.-H. Ryu, Y.-S. Chun, Y.-S. Cho, I.-J. Jang, H. Cho, J. Kim, M.-S. Kim, and J.-W. Park YC-1 Induces S Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis by Activating Checkpoint Kinases. Cancer Res., June 15, 2006; 66(12): 6345 - 6352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Zhang, X. Tang, Q. Lu, Z. Zhang, J. Rao, and A. D. Le Green tea extract and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibit hypoxia- and serum-induced HIF-1{alpha} protein accumulation and VEGF expression in human cervical carcinoma and hepatoma cells Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2006; 5(5): 1227 - 1238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Brown, R. L. Cowen, C. Debray, A. Eustace, J. T. Erler, F. C. D. Sheppard, C. A. Parker, I. J. Stratford, and K. J. Williams Reversing Hypoxic Cell Chemoresistance in Vitro Using Genetic and Small Molecule Approaches Targeting Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2006; 69(2): 411 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Zhang, X. Tang, Q. Y. Lu, Z. F. Zhang, J. Brown, and A. D. Le Resveratrol inhibits hypoxia-induced accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} and VEGF expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma and hepatoma cells Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2005; 4(10): 1465 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-Y. Han, S. H. Oh, F. Morgillo, J. N. Myers, E. Kim, W. K. Hong, and H.-Y. Lee Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1{alpha} and Antiangiogenic Activity of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor SCH66336 in Human Aerodigestive Tract Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, September 7, 2005; 97(17): 1272 - 1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Nakanishi, S. Hiroi, S. Tominaga, S. Aida, H. Kasamatsu, S. Matsuyama, T. Matsuyama, and T. Kawai Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Protein Predicts Survival in Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2583 - 2590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Lidgren, Y. Hedberg, K. Grankvist, T. Rasmuson, J. Vasko, and B. Ljungberg The Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Is a Favorable Independent Prognostic Factor in Renal Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2005; 11(3): 1129 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Hutchison, H. R. Valentine, J. A. Loncaster, S. E. Davidson, R. D. Hunter, S. A. Roberts, A. L. Harris, I. J. Stratford, P. M. Price, and C. M. L. West Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Expression as an Intrinsic Marker of Hypoxia: Correlation with Tumor Oxygen, Pimonidazole Measurements, and Outcome in Locally Advanced Carcinoma of the Cervix Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 10(24): 8405 - 8412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yoshimura, D. K. Dhar, H. Kohno, H. Kubota, T. Fujii, S. Ueda, S. Kinugasa, M. Tachibana, and N. Nagasue Prognostic Impact of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors 1{alpha} and 2{alpha} in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Correlation with Tumor Angiogenesis and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 10(24): 8554 - 8560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. McCarty Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways as a Strategy for Managing Prostate Cancer: Multifocal Signal Modulation Therapy Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2004; 3(4): 349 - 380. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. D. Skinner, J. Z. Zheng, J. Fang, F. Agani, and B.-H. Jiang Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Transcriptional Activation Is Mediated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1{alpha}, HDM2, and p70S6K1 in Response to Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Signaling J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 45643 - 45651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Koike, N. Kimura, K. Miyazaki, T. Yabuta, K. Kumamoto, S. Takenoshita, J. Chen, M. Kobayashi, M. Hosokawa, A. Taniguchi, et al. Hypoxia induces adhesion molecules on cancer cells: A missing link between Warburg effect and induction of selectin-ligand carbohydrates PNAS, May 25, 2004; 101(21): 8132 - 8137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A M Jubb, T Q Pham, A M Hanby, G D Frantz, F V Peale, T D Wu, H W Koeppen, and K J Hillan Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1{alpha}, and carbonic anhydrase IX in human tumours J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 57(5): 504 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Welsh, R. Williams, L. Kirkpatrick, G. Paine-Murrieta, and G. Powis Antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic properties of PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2004; 3(3): 233 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Rapisarda, B. Uranchimeg, O. Sordet, Y. Pommier, R. H. Shoemaker, and G. Melillo Topoisomerase I-Mediated Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications Cancer Res., February 15, 2004; 64(4): 1475 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Li, G. Davidson, Y. Huang, B.-H. Jiang, X. Shi, M. Costa, and C. Huang Nickel Compounds Act through Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt-Dependent, p70S6k-Independent Pathway to Induce Hypoxia Inducible Factor Transactivation and Cap43 Expression in Mouse Epidermal Cl41 Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2004; 64(1): 94 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]