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Applicability of Carcinoembryonic Antigen-specific Monoclonal Antibodies to Radioimmunoguided Surgery for Human Colorectal Carcinoma¹

Departments of Surgery [J. C. K., W. S. K., D. H. L., K. H. K., S. A. R., H. C. K., C. S. Y.], Nuclear Medicine [J. S. R., S. J. O.], and Pathology [G. H. K.], University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 138-736, Korea, and Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Hospital and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom [W. F. B.]

	ABSTRACT

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Two carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), PR1A3 and T84.66, were tested to determine whether they could accurately localize colorectal carcinoma and therefore be applicable in radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS). Twenty-one tumors by three human colorectal carcinoma cell lines with various levels of CEA expression (KM-12c, C75, and Clone A) were successfully implanted in the intra-abdominal organs of 15 nude mice. The tumors was localized using a portable radioisotope detector (Neoprobe 1000) 48 h after injection of radiolabeled MAbs (10 mCi/mouse) when the precordial counts were <20 per 2 s. Histopathological identification of radiolabeled MAbs were also performed using immunohistochemistry and microautoradiography. Radioactivity counted on a portable radioisotope detector correlated well with that on a gamma counter. The distribution in the blood was significantly greater than in other organs (P < 0.001). Localization indices of the tumor in various organs was from 1.1 to 8.5 in the PR1A3-pretreated mice and 3.0 to 8.6 in the T84.66-pretreated mice. Silver grains and immune staining were distributed in the tumor cells of the PR1A3-pretreated mice, whereas they were in the necrotic debris as well as the tumor cells of the T84.66-pretreated mice. There were significantly more silver grains in the liver in the T84.66-pretreated mice than in the PR1A3-pretreated mice (P = 0.004). The sensitivity and specificity of tumor localization by RIGS were 71.4 and 91.4% in the PR1A3-pretreated mice, whereas they were 60 and 76% in the T84.66-pretreated mice. A study using specific anti-CEA MAbs suggested PR1A3 as an efficient immune probe for RIGS in colorectal carcinoma with a low rate of false-positive detection.

	INTRODUCTION

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Current chemotherapeutic agents offer <20% of survival benefits, and surgery still plays an important role in treating more than half of colorectal cancers (1) . Although more than two-thirds of patients are candidates for curative surgery, locoregional recurrence occurs in as many as 40% after curative resection. Consequently, a diagnostic tool to enable accurate tumor localization is urgently needed to allow precise and complete removal. RIGS,³ originally designed by Martin et al. (2) , allows intraoperative tumor detection by targeting the emission from tumor cells attached to radiolabeled antibodies. This depends, however, for its success on the availability of good and specific antibodies and of appropriate nuclides.

Various antibodies to tumor antigens have been developed and used for >15 years since the introduction of RIGS. The commonly used antibodies are TAG-72 and CEA. The former has been used more frequently than the latter in clinical practice. TAG-72 is a human pancarcinoma glycoprotein, and the two antibodies commonly used are B72.3 and CC49 (2) . However, there are still several problems to be solved for their clinical application. One is the low expression of TAG-72, i.e., in <50% of colorectal carcinoma cells (3) . The other is false-positive detection of tumor cells, even after histological identification by serial sectioning and specific immunohistochemistry (4) .

Although serum CEA has intrinsic limitations to its use as a colorectal cancer marker, serial measurement has been used as a standard tool for use as a prognostic indicator or for detecting recurrence. CEA has been rather neglected in the field of RIGS, although a few studies using CEA-specific MAbs have revealed efficient localization of tumor of 95% (5 , 6) . This study was primarily intended to verify whether specific anti-CEA MAb could accurately localize colorectal carcinoma and therefore be applicable in RIGS. An animal model similar to human colorectal carcinoma was used.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Cell Lines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and CEA.
Three colorectal carcinoma cell lines with different CEA expressions were used: KM-12c (University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX), C75 (Imperial Cancer Research Fund), and Clone A (American Type Culture Collection). Their levels of CEA production were 2180, 118, and 2.7 ng/ml of medium, respectively. CEA expression on the cell membrane was also confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. Two IgG1 murine anti-CEA MAbs used were: T84.66 (T84.66A3.1A.1F2; American Type Culture Collection) and PR1A3 (Imperial Cancer Research Fund). They were proven as CEA-specific MAbs (7 , 8) . MOPC 31c (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), was used as an isotype-matched control. Human CEA was extracted from hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinomas by the perchloric acid method as described previously (9) .

Radiolabeling of MAbs.
The iodogen method was used for radiolabeling MAbs. Briefly, labeling was performed in a glass vial coated with 25 µg of iodogen, dissolved in 1 ml of tetrahydrofuran. After vortexing in a ventilation hood, antibodies and 200 µCi of carrier-free Na¹²⁵I (NEN Research Product, Boston, MA) were added. The reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min at room temperature. It was purified by running through a PD-10 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) and sterilized by filtration (0.22 µm; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Radiochemical purity was verified by TLC (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) eluted with 85% methanol, which left ¹²⁵I-labeled antibodies remaining at the origin while free ¹²⁵I was at the solvent front. A pyrogen test of final filtrates was carried out using a LAL kit (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate; Associates of Cape Cod, Inc., Woodhole, MA). The specific activity was determined using various amounts of radiolabeled iodine and MAbs.

Competitive Binding Assay.
The immunoreactivity of radiolabeled anti-CEA MAbs was measured by a competitive binding assay in solid-phase. CEA was dried onto 96-well plates at a concentration of 1 µg/well in PBS for 24 h at 37°C. After blocking the free-binding sites with 4% BSA for 2 h at 37°C, 100-µl mixtures of labeled and unlabeled antibodies in various proportions (10 µg/ml; 11 dilutions from 0:100 to 100:0) were plated in triplicate for 2 h at 37°C. Nonreacting MAb was removed by washing three times with 0.5% BSA in PBS. The binding complex was stabilized with 1 N NaOH and collected on cotton-tipped swabs for gamma counting.

Tumorigenesis and Preparation for RIGS.
Male athymic nude mice (athymic nude-nu; Asan Animal Laboratory, Seoul, Korea), 6–8 weeks of age, were raised in a laminar flow cabinet under specific pathogen-free conditions. Three cell lines cultured in log-phase were harvested and resuspended in PBS at 1 x 10⁸ cells/ml. CEA (40 µg/0.2 ml/mouse) was injected i.p. in all mice 1 h before tumor cell injection. Tumor cells (1 x 10⁷ cells each) were injected into the splenic subcapsule and cecal wall in 20 mice for each cell line. As visible or palpable abdominal masses appeared in 25% of the mice at the eighth week after tumor cell injection, unlimited ingestion of potassium iodide dissolved in water (1 µl/ml H₂O) was permitted for the purpose of saturation of the thyroid gland for 48 h prior to injection of radiolabeled MAbs. Then, 10 µCi/mouse (specific activity, 2 mCi/mg of MAb) of radiolabeled anti-CEA MAbs were injected i.p. into 48 mice (16 mice/cell line; 8 mice/each anti-CEA MAb). The same amount of ¹²⁵I-labeled MOPC 31c was injected in 12 mice (4 mice/cell line) as a control. Twelve mice without tumor cell injection were also treated with radiolabeled MAbs and free ¹²⁵I to assess the organ distribution.

Localization Using Portable Radioisotope Detector.
The precordial count was checked daily using a hand-held gamma detector tipped with a collimator (inner diameter, 11 mm) connected to a portable radioisotope detector (Neoprobe^® 1000; Neoprobe Corp., Columbus, OH). When the count decreased to a level of <20 counts/2 s after 48 h, the mice were sacrificed by cervical separation. Because accurate probing is limited in the small organs of mice, assessment of the respective organs and tumors was made immediately after excision. Then, each organ was divided into two pieces, one for measurement in a gamma counter and the other for histopathological assessment. The distribution of radioactivity in each organ was corrected by the radioactivity in a gram of tissue measured by the portable radioisotope detector and gamma counter. The localization index of the tumor, i.e., the percentage of injected dose/g in the tumor divided by the percentage of injected dose/g in the organ, was calculated using the counts from the portable radioisotope detector. Positive localization was assessed when the counts in each organ and tumor were higher than that in the blood.

Indirect Immunohistochemical Staining and Microautoradiography.
Five serial sections (5 µm in thickness) from the same tissues were prepared, one for H&E staining and two sections each for indirect IHC and ARG. Briefly, the technique for IHC was based on the labeled streptavidin-biotin method, using DAKO LSAB kit (DAKO Corp., Carpinteria, CA) and the standard protocol. Another two sections were deparaffinized and hydrated for ARG. The sections were coated with Ilford K5 (Ilford Imaging, Mobberley, United Kingdom) photographic emulsion for 5 s at 50°C in a dark room and then stored at -70°C for 1 week in dehydrated and light-tight boxes. The slides were then developed using Kodak photographic developer D-19 (Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY) for 6 min and fixed using a photographic fixer. The IHC and ARG results were classified into four grades: grade 0, no staining; grade 1, staining of <25% of cells; grade 2, staining 25% to <50% of cells; and grade 3, staining 50% of cells.

Statistical Analysis.
Counts for distribution and localization indices in each organ or in different cell lines were analyzed using ANOVA or LSD test. Comparison of the counts between PR1A3 and T84.66 was assessed by an unpaired t test. The relation between counts from the portable radioisotope detector and gamma counter was assessed by using the significance of the product moment correlation test. The incidence of two or more groups was compared in a contingency table analysis using a ² test. The significance level was set at 5% for each analysis, and all calculations were performed on an IBM-PC using Statistica (ver. 5.1; StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK).

	RESULTS

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Tumorigenesis.
Tumor cells were implanted onto the cecal wall and spleen similar to human colorectal carcinoma with liver metastasis. The KM-12c cell line was successfully implanted in six mice (30%), C75 in five mice (25%), and Clone A in four mice (25%). A total of 21 tumors was identified overall, 1.4 per tumor-bearing mouse. The cecum and adjacent mesentery (11 tumors) were the most frequent sites, the spleen (5 tumors) the next most frequent, and then the abdominal wall (3 tumors) and liver (2 tumors) in descending order of frequency. The numbers of tumor-bearing mice were four for PR1A3, eight for T84.66, and three for MOPC 31c.

Radiolabeling of MAbs.
The affinity of PR1A3 and T84.66 was determined by the method of Beatty et al. (10) using an enzyme immunoassay. The affinity constant (K_A) for PR1A3 and T84.66 was 6.7 x 10⁸ l/mol and 1.8 x 10⁷ liter/mol, respectively. Labeling yield was in the range of 80–85%. The radiochemical purity measured using TLC was 96.8% on 5 days after radiolabeling. There was a linear correlation of the reaction to solid-phase CEA between cold and labeled anti-CEA antibodies at a similar concentration of injection (Fig. 1) . The binding ratios of labeled antibodies:cold antibodies, measured at the same concentration of cold and labeled antibodies, were 87% for PR1A3 and 68% for T84.66.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 1. Competitive binding between cold and radiolabeled anti-CEA antibodies. The volume ratio presents the increment of cold antibodies from 0 (1) to 100 (11) by 10 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml.

View larger version (152K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 2. IHC and ARG of tumors in an 125I-labeled, PR1A3-injected mouse: A and B, the same tumor from KM-12c; C and D, the same tumor from Clone A. Immune staining and silver grains are dominantly distributed to tumor cells, and the distribution pattern is not different between the two cell lines.

View larger version (143K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 3. IHC and ARG of tumors in an 125I-labeled, T84.6-injected mouse: A and B, the same tumor from KM-12c; C and D, the same tumor from C75. The silver grains are distributed in the ischemic necrosis as well as in the tumor cells (B).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 4. Distribution of radiolabeled antibodies and iodine in three mice, each without tumorigenesis. Bars, SE.

	DISCUSSION

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Because some colorectal cancer cell lines showed preferential localization for specific MAbs (15) , three cell lines with different levels of CEA expression and two anti-CEA MAbs to different epitopes of the CEA molecule were used for this study. Although the precordial count decreased rapidly 48 h after injection of radiolabeled MAbs, the blood counts on a gamma counter still showed greater than other organ counts. Therefore, such a short interval might be correlated with different sensitivities between the two counting tools rather than rapid clearance of the blood background. ^99mTc, ¹¹¹In, and ¹²⁵I are radionuclides commonly used in the radioimmune detection of tumors. ¹¹¹In is very difficult for imaging the liver mass, a frequent site of metastasis in colorectal carcinoma, because of the relatively high liver uptake (16) . Distribution in the tumor was also poor compared with that in adjacent tissues. The mismatch in the half-life of ^99mTc and MAb is known to be so great that blood pool and solid organ radioactivity overwhelm tumor localization (17) . However, ^99mTc-labeled MAb fragments may offer a potential solution in the short term as shown in the study of Lechner et al. (18) using anti-CEA Fab' fragment IMMU-4. ¹²⁵I corresponds well with the prerequisites of low emission energy (35 KeV) and long half-life (60.2 days), which allow circulatory clearance (15) .

A comparison of Fab' and intact IgG revealed no substantial difference in maximal affinity except for plasma residence time (19) . Robert et al. (20) recently attempted biparatopic MAbs directed against two different epitopes of the same molecule for the purpose of enhancing tumor uptake. They demonstrated a higher tumor uptake than that with the parental MAbs in certain combinations. MAbs to TAG-72 bind to adenocarcinomas of the colon, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, ovary, breast, prostate, and lung (non-small cell; Ref. 21 ). The expression of TAG-72 detected by B72.3 seems to be about 40–82% (17) . The detection rate of primary tumors was 60–75% for B72.3 and 86% for CC49 (13) . Although tumor localization was good for the clinical application, RIGS using CC49 was reported to give as much as 34% false-positive detection of tumors (4) . CEA expression in tumor cells is around 66–100% (22) and that appears to be greater than TAG-72 expression. CEA shows the highest specificity in colorectal carcinoma among several identified tumor markers, including TAG-72 and CA 19-9 (23 , 24) . Immunoscintiscan using the CEA-specific MAb, IMMU 4, showed accurate detection of colorectal carcinoma in 93% of cases without false-positive detection (25) . Nevertheless, there are a few RIGS trials using anti-CEA MAbs. F(ab')₂ of F023C5 showed satisfactory sensitivity in tumors (81–96%) but low sensitivity in lymph nodes (58%; Ref. 5 ). Primary tumor detection was 92.6% with F(ab')₂ of F023C5, compared with 80.4% for B72.3 (26) . Another anti-CEA MAb, A5B7, showed the highest localization by RIGS of as much as 97.8% for local lesions and 88.8% for recurrent lesions (17) .

PR1A3 and T84.66 bind to the epitopes on the CEA-specific subdomains of A3 and B3, respectively, without cross-reactivity with other CEA gene family members (7 , 8) . The sensitivity of PR1A3 for CEA seemed high enough, because 59 of 60 colorectal carcinomas were bound by the MAb (27) . PR1A3 is known to bind CEA close to the site of membrane attachment but absent in solution or loss of membrane attachment (8) . The advantage of PR1A3 was also identified showing high positive (88–92%) and negative (93–100%) predictive value in the immunoscintiscan of recurrent colorectal cancers (28) . There has been only one published clinical trial of RIGS using ^99mTc-labeled PR1A3, and it presented a lower sensitivity (66%), probably because of the significant background activity of ^99mTc (29) . T84.66 has not thus far been applied to immune detection. Because there was good correspondence in the grade of IHC in the tumor between PR1A3 and T84.66, both antibodies efficiently targeted tumor CEA. A minor reduction of 20% of the binding affinity was demonstrated after radiolabeling MAb (19) . Binding affinity was greater for PR1A3 as compared with T84.66 in the binding ratio of labeled antibodies:cold antibodies.

The main reason for lack of agreement between the grade of IHC and ARG was derived from the difference in CEA expression at the time of IHC, i.e., 48 h after radiolabeled MAbs injection. Another might have been the formalin tissue fixation, resulting in the cross-linking of neighboring proteins (21) . Other studies of combined IHC and ARG have also demonstrated a difference between shed and cellular CEA antigen (15) . The distribution in the blood was significantly greater than in other organs and was quite similar to a previous study using the anti-CEA MAb, Col-1 (17) . The profuse silver granules in the liver were in the hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoids. Increased accretion in the liver and spleen was explained by the antigen-antibody complex, antigen-mediated, or Fc receptor-mediated interaction (21 , 30) . The kidney is also known as an organ of high accretion because of the trapped antibody aggregates (13) , but that was also found in the PR1A3. The silver grains of PR1A3 were distributed mainly in the tumor cells, whereas those of T84.66 were distributed in necrotic tumor debris as well. These differences may partly explain the higher specificity in the PR1A3 than in the T84.66. The silver granules identified in the ischemic tumor necrosis might be trapped immune complexes, as shown in the study using the CX-1 cell line (15) . Cote et al. (4) considered false-positive detection from breakdown products of the tumor including tumor antigen.

Although the sensitivity has been raised with various immune probes in RIGS, limited specificity has remained to be solved in the present situation without specific tumor markers. This study using specific anti-CEA MAbs suggested PR1A3 to be an efficient immune probe to detect colorectal carcinoma in RIGS. Further comparative trials using MAbs to TAG-72 or anti-CEA MAb fragments would be desirable to establish a clinical context.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We acknowledge Prof. E. W. Martin, Jr., for his many contributions, Prof. Pyung C. Min and Prof. Kun C. Park for insightful suggestions, and David C. Bicknell for preparation of the antibody. We acknowledge Bonnie Hami for editorial assistance.

	FOOTNOTES

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

^{1 1}Supported by the Asan Grant 99-069, Seoul, Korea.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, 388-1 Poongnap-Dong, Songpa-Ku, Seoul 138-736, Korea. Phone: (822) 2224-3499; Fax: (822) 474-9027; E-mail: jckim{at}www.amc.seoul.kr

³ The abbreviations used are: RIGS, radioimmunoguided surgery; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; MAb, monoclonal antibody; IHC, immunohistochemistry; ARG, microautoradiography.

Received 11/ 8/99. Accepted 6/30/00.

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Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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