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[Cancer Research 60, 5649-5658, October 15, 2000]
© 2000 American Association for Cancer Research

Biochemistry and Biophysics

Melanoma-targeting Properties of 99mTechnetium-labeled Cyclic {alpha}-Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone Peptide Analogues1

JianQing Chen, Zhen Cheng, Timothy J. Hoffman, Silvia S. Jurisson and Thomas P. Quinn2

Departments of Biochemistry [JQ. C., T. P. Q.] and Chemistry [Z. C., S. S. J.], University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201 [T. J. H.]


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Preliminary reports have demonstrated that 99mtechnetium (Tc)-labeled cyclic [Cys3,4,10, D-Phe7]{alpha}-MSH3–13 (CCMSH) exhibits high tumor uptake and retention values in a murine melanoma mouse model. In this report, the tumor targeting mechanism of 99mTc-CCMSH was studied and compared with four other radiolabeled {alpha}-melanocyte stimulating hormone ({alpha}-MSH) peptide analogues: 125I-(Tyr2)-[Nle4, D-Phe7]{alpha}-MSH [125I-(Tyr2)-NDP]; 99mTc-CGCG-NDP; 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH; and 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH. In vitro receptor binding, internalization, and cellular retention of radiolabeled {alpha}-MSH analogues in B16/F1 murine cell line demonstrated that >70% of the receptor-bound radiolabeled analogues were internalized together with the receptor. Ninety % of the internalized 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, whereas only 36% of internalized 99mTc-CCMSH, was released from the cells into the medium during a 4-h incubation at 37°C. Two mouse models, C57 mice and severe combined immunodeficient (Scid) mice, inoculated s.c. with B16/F1 murine and TXM-13 human melanoma cells were used for the in vivo studies. Tumor uptake values of 11.32 and 2.39 [% injected dose (ID)/g] for 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after injection, resulted in an uptake ratio of tumor:blood of 39.0 and 11.5 in murine melanoma-C57 and human melanoma-Scid mouse models, respectively. Two strategies for decreasing the nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH, substitution of Lys11 in CCMSH with Gly11 or Nle11, and lysine coinjection, were evaluated. The biodistribution data for the modified peptides showed that Lys11 replacement dramatically decreased the kidney uptake, whereas the tumor uptakes of 99mTc-Nle11- and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH were significantly lower than that of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lysine coinjection significantly decreased the kidney uptake (e.g., from 14.6% ID/g to 4.5% ID/g at 4 h after injection in murine melanoma-C57 mice) without significantly changing the value of tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH. In conclusion, the compact cyclic structure of 99mTc-CCMSH, its resistance to degradation, and its enhanced intracellular retention are the major contributing factors to the superior in vivo tumor targeting properties of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lys11 residue in 99mTc-CCMSH is critical to the tumor targeting in vivo, and lysine coinjection rather than lysine replacement can significantly decrease the nonspecific renal radioactivity accumulation without impeding the high melanoma-targeting properties of 99mTc-CCMSH. The metal-cyclized CCMSH molecule displays excellent potential for the development of melanoma-specific diagnostic and therapeutic agents.


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Malignant melanoma has become a severe public health problem because of an increase in incidence and the difficulties in discovering and treating melanoma metastases (1 , 2) . In recent years, with the identification of melanoma-associated antigens and the development of anti-melanoma antibodies, radioimmunodetection for melanoma and its metastases via radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments has been investigated extensively (3, 4, 5) . Radioimmunodetection has been successfully used for imaging known metastatic melanoma lesions with sizes >1.0 cm (6 , 7) . However, difficulties in the detection of smaller lesions remain because of the intrinsic limitations of radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments, such as slow circulation clearance (8 , 9) , reduced rates of tumor penetration (10 , 11) , and their antigenicity (12) .

An alternative approach for tumor targeting is the use of lower molecular weight, high-affinity receptor binding ligands, such as peptides, for tumor-selective delivery of radionuclides (13 , 14) . For instance, the receptor for {alpha}-MSH3 is found on murine (15) and human melanoma cells (16) . It has been reported that >80% of human melanoma tumor samples obtained from patients with metastatic melanoma bear {alpha}-MSH receptors (17) , enabling the use of radiolabeled {alpha}-MSH peptide analogues as specific melanoma diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Wild-type {alpha}-MSH (Ac-Ser1-Tyr2-Ser3 -Met4-Glu5-His6-Phe7-Arg8-Trp9-Gly10-Lys11-Pro12-Val13-NH2) is a tridecapeptide that is primarily responsible for the regulation of skin pigmentation (18) . Several superpotent {alpha}-MSH analogues have been synthesized that possess increased receptor affinity and stability (19 , 20) . For example, substitution of Met4 with Nle4 and Phe7 with D-Phe7 yields the NDP analogue, which is one of the most cited {alpha}-MSH analogues because of its subnanomolar receptor affinity and resistance to enzymatic degradation (16 , 19) . It has also been reported that {alpha}-MSH peptides cyclized via disulfide bond [Cys (4 , 10) , D-Phe7]{alpha}-MSH (20) or lactam bond formation [Asp5, D-Phe7, Lys11{alpha}-MSH (21 , 22) display increased receptor binding affinity and resistance to proteolysis. High receptor affinity and stability have made these {alpha}-MSH analogues attractive as site-specific delivery vehicles for radionuclides, toxins, and chemotherapeutic molecules (23 , 24) .

Recently, several radiolabeled {alpha}-MSH peptide analogues have been investigated for melanoma-specific targeting. Direct halogenation of NDP with 125I at Tyr2 resulted in a radioiodinated {alpha}-MSH analogue with excellent cell-binding characteristics in vitro (25) , but it was subject to dehalogenation in vivo. Dehalogenation has been largely overcome by labeling NDP with succinimidyl 3- or 4-(125I or 18F) benzoate, yielding molecules that display significant improvements in stability and clearance from normal tissues (26 , 27) . 111In-labeled {alpha}-MSH derivatives containing two NDP sequences linked together via a single DTPA molecule have been examined for their abilities to image the melanoma lesions in patients (14) . Although the 111In-labeled DTPA-bis-NDP conjugates were able to image melanoma tumors in vivo, routine clinical use appears limited because of high nonspecific radioactivity accumulation in the liver and kidneys (28) . To decrease the background in the liver and kidneys, 111In-labeled DTPA-mono-NDP has also been investigated (29) . However, the tumor uptake of 111In-labeled DTPA-mono-NDP was significantly lower than that of 111In-labeled DTPA-bis-NDP. Our previous results with 99mTc/188Re-NDP, labeled with either the CGCG chelating tetrapeptide (30) or MAG2 chelate (tetrafluorophenyl mercapto-acetylglycylglycyl-{gamma}-aminobutyrate), illustrated that tumor-targeted radioactivity was rapidly washed out of the tumor tissue (31) .

Significantly higher tumor uptake values were obtained for 99mTc/188Re-labeled CCMSH, an 11-amino acid {alpha}-MSH peptide analogue cyclized via metal coordination with three Cys3,4,10 sulfhydryls and one Cys4 amide nitrogen positioned in the sequence of the peptide (23 , 32) . The 99mTc/188Re-CCMSH exhibited excellent tumor radioactivity retention and fast whole body clearance via the kidneys into the urine. However, significant kidney radioactivity accumulation was observed, which could limit the therapeutic index if a ß- or {alpha}-emitting radionuclide is coordinated to the peptide for therapeutic purposes.

In this study, the mechanism of 99mTc-CCMSH tumor uptake was studied by characterizing the receptor binding, internalization, and cellular retention of the radiolabeled complex in B16/F1 murine melanoma cells in vitro and compared with 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP. Self-regulation of the {alpha}-MSH receptor by NDP and receptor recovery was also investigated. The in vivo tumor targeting capacity of 99mTc-CCMSH was evaluated in both C57 BL/6 and Fox Chase ICR Scid mouse melanoma models, inoculated s.c. with B16/F1 murine and TXM-13 human melanoma cells and compared with that of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP. The specificity of 99mTc-CCMSH tumor uptakes was determined in vivo by a coinjection of 2 µg of nonradiolabeled NDP. In addition, two strategies of blocking nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH were examined. One of the strategies involved the replacement of Lys11 in CCMSH with Nle11 or Gly11. The in vitro receptor binding affinity (IC50) and in vivo biodistribution of the modified peptides, 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH, were tested and compared with those of 99mTc-CCMSH. The other strategy investigated for reducing nonspecific renal uptake was lysine coinjection. Blocking the nonspecific kidney uptake with two different quantities and times of lysine injection was examined in healthy C57 mice and then in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice. Tumor imaging was performed at 1 and 8 h after the administration of 99mTc-CCMSH in murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Peptides Synthesis.
Peptides CCMSH, Gly11-CCMSH, Nle11-CCMSH, NDP, and CGCG-NDP were synthesized using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl/2(1H-benzotriazol-1-ly)-1,1,3,3,tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate solid-phase peptide synthesis chemistry on amide resin with a Synergy 432A desktop peptide synthesizer from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Protected amino acids were purchased from Advanced ChemTech, Inc. (Louisville, KY). Peptides were acetylated by activating glacial acetic acid with 2(1H-benzotriazol-1-ly)-1,1,3,3,tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate after deprotecting the NH2-terminal residue. For peptide cleavage and deprotection, the peptide-resin was stirred in a mixture of TFA:thioanisole:ethanedithiol:H2O (in a ratio of 36:2:1:1 by volume) at room temperature for 2 h. The peptide in the solution was precipitated and washed four times with ice-cold diethyl ether. After drying and then dissolving in 1 mM DTT, the peptide was purified by HPLC (Isco, Inc., Lincoln, NE) on a C-18 RP column (218TP54; Vydac, Hesperia, CA). The purified peptides were lyophilized and stored at -20°C. Peptide identities were confirmed by FAB mass spectrometry (Mass Spectrometric Analytic Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS).

Preparation of Radiolabeled Complexes.
125I-(Tyr2)-NDP (2000 Ci/mmol) was obtained from Advanced ChemTech (Louisville, KY). 99mTc-labeled CCMSH, Gly11-CCMSH, Nle11-CCMSH, and CGCG-NDP were prepared by using stannous chloride as a reducing agent and glucoheptonate as a transfer ligand. Briefly, 30 µl of 2 mg/ml SnCl2 in 0.2 M glucoheptonate were added into 200 µl of fresh 99mTcO4- eluate from a 99 Mo/99mTc generator (1–4 mCi). After the formation of 99mTc-glucoheptonate and the adjustment of the pH to 9 with 0.1 M NaOH, 10 µg of the peptide were added, and the reaction mixture was incubated at 75°C for 30 min. The radiolabeled complex was purified by HPLC using a C-18 RP column. A 20-min gradient of 17–22% acetonitrile/0.1% TFA versus H2O/0.1% TFA was used for the purification of 99mTc-CCMSH, and a 20-min gradient of 20–25% or 24–29% acetonitrile/0.1% TFA versus H2O/0.1% TFA was used for the purification of 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH, 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH, or 99mTc-CGCG-MSH, respectively. Purified preparations were flushed with nitrogen gas to remove the acetonitrile, and the pH was adjusted to 7 by addition of 0.2 M sodium phosphate (pH 8.0)/150 mM NaCl. The stability of the radiolabeled complexes was evaluated in 0.01 M, pH 7.4 PBS.

Cell Culture.
B16/F1 murine melanoma cells were obtained from American Type Tissue Culture Collection, and human TXM-13 melanoma cells were supplied by Dr. Isaiah J. Fidler from the Cell Biology Department, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The human melanoma line TXM-13JQ was derived from the parent cell line TXM-13 after successive passages in vitro. Melanoma cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 containing NaHCO3 (2 g/l), which was supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 48 mg of gentamicin. The cells were expanded in 75-cm2 tissue culture flasks and kept in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. The media were changed every other day. A confluent monolayer was detached with 0.02% EDTA in Ca2+ and Mg2+ free, pH 7.4, 0.01 M PBS and dissociated into a single-cell suspension for further cell culture.

In Vitro Cell Assays.
Receptor binding affinity, internalization and cellular retention assays were performed on B16/F1 murine cells. Cell binding experiments were performed as follows. Cells were seeded at a density of 0.2 million/well in 24-well tissue culture plates and allowed to attach overnight. After washing once with the binding medium [MEM with 25 mM HEPES, 0.2% BSA, and 0.3 mM 1,10-phenanthroline (Sigma, St. Louis, MO)], the cells were incubated at 25°C for 3 h with ~50,000 cpm of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP or 200,000 cpm of the 99mTc-labeled analogues in 0.5 ml of binding medium. The nonspecific binding was determined by coincubation with nonradiolabeled NDP at a final concentration of 10 µM. The cells were rinsed twice with pH 7.4, 0.01 M PBS/0.2% BSA and lysed in 0.5 ml of 1 M NaOH for 5 min, and their radioactivity was measured.

Internalization and cellular retention of 99mTc-CCMSH was evaluated and compared with 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP in B16/F1 murine melanoma cells. The cells were prepared as described above in 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated at 25°C for a period of 5 min to 4 h in 0.5 ml of binding media with ~50,000 cpm of 125I-labeled or 200,000 cpm of the 99mTc-labeled complexes. Internalization of the radiolabeled complex was assessed by washing the cells with acid buffer [40 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) containing 0.9% NaCl and 0.2% BSA] to remove the membrane bound radiocomplex, and the remaining internalized radioactivity in the cells was measured. The cellular retention properties of the internalized 125I- or 99mTc-labeled {alpha}-MSH analogues were determined by incubating B16/F1 cells with the radiolabeled analogues for 3 h, removing the membrane-bound radioactivity with acid buffer wash, and monitoring radioactivity release into the media at 25°C or 37°C. At different time points over a 4-h incubation period, the radioactivity in the medium and in the cells were separately collected and counted. The radioactive moiety in the medium was analyzed using a C-18 Sep-Pak Cartridge (Water Corporation, MA). After equilibrating the cartridge with 10% acetonitrile/H2O, 200 µl of the sample were loaded onto the column, which was then rinsed with 3 ml of 10% acetonitrile/H2O, followed by 3 ml of 60% acetonitrile/H2O. Free 99mTcO4-, 99mTc-labeled analogues, and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP were used as controls.

Self-regulation of {alpha}-MSH receptors by NDP was examined in B16/F1 cells. Cells were treated for 24 h in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% dialyzed FCS (10,000 molecular weight cutoff dialyzed FCF; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) or in 10% normal FCS-supplemented RPMI 1640 containing NDP at a concentration of 20 or 50 nM. After removal of the membrane-bound NDP by washing the cells with acid buffer, the cells were further cultured in medium. At different time points within a period of 96 h, the binding capacity of the treated cells for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP was determined.

The IC50, the concentration of competitor required to inhibit 50% of radioligand binding, of CCMSH, ReCCMSH, Gly11-CCMSH, and Nle11-CCMSH was determined in competitive binding assays with 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP over a 10-14–10-6 (M) concentration range. The Bmax of B16/F1 and TXM-13 cells was determined by incubating a fixed number of cells with serial concentrations of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP under the receptor binding conditions described above. Meanwhile, the binding fraction (1/r) of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP to B16/F1 cells was assayed according to a method that was developed to determine the immunoreactive fraction of radiolabeled antibodies (33) . Briefly, serially diluted B16/F1 cells suspensions (0.125–16 million) in 0.5 ml of binding medium were incubated with a certain concentration of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP at 25°C for 3 h. Total applied radioactivity over specific binding (total/specific binding) was used as a function of the reverse cell concentration (ml/million), and r was obtained by linear extrapolation to the ordinate.

In Vivo Biodistribution, Imaging, and Tumor Tissue Histopathological Studies.
C57 BL/6 and Fox Chase ICR Scid female mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, IN) were inoculated s.c. in the right flank with 1 x 106 cultured B16/F1 murine and TXM-13JQ human melanoma cells, respectively. Ten days after the inoculation, tumors reached a weight of ~500 mg. It took 4 weeks for the TXM-13 human melanoma tumors to reach a weight of ~500 mg, induced by s.c. inoculation with 3 x 106 cells in Scid mice. Two to four µCi of 99mTc- or 125I-labeled peptide (72,000 Ci/mmol or 2,000 Ci/mmol, with a corresponding peptide amount of 0.065 or 2.6 ng, respectively) was injected into each mouse through the tail vein for biodistribution and in vivo tumor targeting studies. About 20 µCi of 99mTc-peptide was administrated into each mouse for the 24-h postinjection group. After injection, the mice were housed separately, and their urine and feces were collected. Groups of five mice were sacrificed at different time points after injection. Tumor and normal tissues of interest were dissected, and the blood on the samples was sponged off with gauze. The contents in the GI were not removed. Tissue samples and the carcass were weighed, and their radioactivity was measured in a gamma counter, together with the collected urine and feces. The total blood value was counted as 6.5% of the whole body weight. The radioactivity uptake in the tumor and normal tissues of interest was expressed as a percentage of the injected radioactivity dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g) or percentage of the injected dose (% ID). The specificity of the in vivo tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was determined by a coinjection with 2 µg of nonradiolabeled NDP, a 30,000 fold molar excess to 99mTc-CCMSH.

The effect of lysine coinjection on the reduction of nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was determined in healthy C57 BL/6 mice. Group 1 was i.p. injected with 20 mg of lysine (L-lysine monohydrochloride; Fisher Biotech, Houston, TX), and 5 min later injected with a mixture of 99mTc-CCMSH and 25 mg of lysine through the tail vein. Group 2 was i.v. injected with a mixture of 99mTc-CCMSH and 25 mg of lysine only. A single injection of 99mTc-CCMSH with 30 mg of lysine was used for further studies in the tumor model to check whether the lysine coinjection would interfere with the tumor targeting property of 99mTc-CCMSH.

In the imaging studies, mice were injected with 100 µCi of 99mTc-CCMSH through the tail vein. Mouse images were acquired at 1 and 8 h after injection by a Siemens LEM + Mobile {gamma} camera equipped with a low energy parallel hole collimator. The images were collected on a 512 matrix with x1.5 magnification and 8-bit depth.

For histopathological examination, the tumor tissues were dissected and then immediately fixed in buffered 10% formalin. The fixed tumor tissue was sliced in a thickness of 5 µm and stained in H&E staining. Histopathological studies were performed by the Research Animal Diagnostic and Investigative Laboratory (University of Missouri, Columbia, MO).

All of the animal studies were carried out in compliance with Federal and local institutional rules for the conduct of animal experimentation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t test for unpaired data.


   RESULTS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
All of the {alpha}-MSH analogues, except 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, were synthesized by solid-phase Fmoc synthesis, purified by RP-HPLC and characterized by FAB mass spectrometry. Table 1Citation lists the sequences used in this study and the calculated and measured molecular weights of the {alpha}-MSH analogues. The 99mTc-labeled peptides were completely separated from their nonradiolabeled counterparts by RP-HPLC because of an increase in hydrophobicity. The structure of metal-cyclized 99mTc-CCMSH is shown in Fig. 1Citation . In addition to mass spectrometry, the identity of the 99mTc-CCMSH was confirmed by analytical HPLC analysis. A Re-CCMSH nuclear magnetic resonance standard sample was coinjected with a 99mTc-CCMSH radiolabeling reaction mixture. The major product of the 99mTc-CCMSH reaction comigrated with the Re-CCMSH standard (Fig. 2)Citation . A similar analytic HPLC analysis, using a Re-CGCG-NDP synthetic standard (30) , was used to confirm the identity of the 99mTc-CGCG-NDP (data not shown). The radiochemical stability of all of the 99mTc-labeled analogues was evaluated in pH 7.4, PBS. Over a 24-h period of incubation at 25°C in PBS, only radiolabeled peptide and no detectable free radioactivity was observed by RP-HPLC.


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  		Table 1 Sequences of {alpha}-MSH analogues involved in this investigation and their molecular weights (MW) calculated and measured by FAB mass spectrometry

 


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  		Fig. 1. A structural model of 99mTc-CCMSH; Acetyl-Cys-Cys-Glu-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2.

 


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  		Fig. 2. HPLC analysis of a 99mTc-CCMSH radiolabeling reaction, which was coinjected with nuclear magnetic resonance-confirmed Re-CCMSH standard.

 
Cell Binding and Internalization.
Fig. 3Citation shows the cell binding and internalization of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP (Fig. 3A)Citation , 99mTc-CCMSH (Fig. 3B)Citation , and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP (Fig. 3C)Citation on B16/F1 cells at 25°C over a 4-h incubation period. Four to 8% cell binding was obtained for all three radiolabeled analogues with 3 h incubation. The internalization was assessed after removal of free and membrane-bound radioactivity by washing the cells with pH 4.5, 40 mM sodium acetate acid buffer and collecting the remaining cellular radioactivity. Approximately 70% of the receptor-bound radiolabeled complexes was internalized as early as 5 min after incubation for the 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP in B16/F1 cells. Although receptor binding increased over the incubation period, the percentages of the radioactivity internalized versus total binding did not significantly change. Similar results were observed among the three 99mTc- and 125I-labeled analogues.



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  		Fig. 3. Cell binding and internalization over time for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP (A) 99mTc-CCMSH (B) and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP (C) on B16/F1 cells at 25°C. Bound radioactivity ({triangleup}) and internalized activity ({square}) are expressed as a percentage of applied activity.

 
Cellular Retention.
Cellular retention of the radiolabeled analogues was analyzed and compared in B16/F1 cells. After reaching the maximal binding, the membrane-bound radioactivity was removed with an acid buffer wash, and the cells were returned to cell culture medium and incubated at 25°C or 37°C. Fig. 4Citation illustrates the cellular radioactive retention of 99mTc-CCMSH, 99mTc-CGCG-NDP, and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP in B16/F1 cells over time at different temperatures. Approximately 36% of the internalized radioactivity of 99mTc-CCMSH and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 90% of the internalized 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP were released from the cells into the medium during a 4-h incubation at 37°C (Fig. 4A)Citation . Greater than 75% of the internalized 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP activity was released from the cells within the first 2 h. However, no significant difference in cellular radioactive retention was found among these three radiolabeled analogues at 25°C incubation temperature (Fig. 4B)Citation . The radioactive moiety in the medium released from the cells was analyzed on a C-18 Sep-Pak column. Free 99mTcO4- was rinsed off the column at 10% acetonitrile/H2O, whereas 125I- and 99mTc-labeled peptides were eluted by 60% acetonitrile/H2O. In media samples isolated from B16/F1 cells treated with 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP or 99mTc-labeled analogues, ~80% of the radioactivity was eluted with 10% acetonitrile/H2O, suggesting that the majority of the radioactivity released from the cells into the media consisted of low molecular weight forms.



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  		Fig. 4. The percentage of retention of internalized 99mTc-CCMSH ({triangleup}), 99mTc-CGCG-NDP ({square}), and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP ({diamond}) radioactivity in B16/F1 cells over time at 37°C (A) or 25°C (B).

 
Bmax and Receptor Regulation.
A Bmax of 4.562 and 5.812 fmol/0.5 million cells, representing about 5,500 and 7,000 receptors/per cell, was obtained for TXM-13 and B16/F1, respectively. {alpha}-MSH receptor regulation and turnover was examined in B16/F1 cells. B16/F1 cells were incubated for 24 h with NDP (20 or 50 nM) or with dialyzed FCS. The binding capacity of the treated cells for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP versus incubation time at 25°C is shown in Fig. 5ACitation . Compared with the control group, cell binding increased by ~20% for the cells cultured with media supplemented with 10% dialyzed FCS. The percentage of cell binding for the hormone-treated cells, both at 20 and 50 nM, was low at all time points over the 3-h incubation period. The binding capacity of the 50 nM NDP-treated cells for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP did not completely recover until 96 h of incubation in normal media (Fig. 5B)Citation .



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  		Fig. 5. Regulation of {alpha}-MSH receptor density by NDP. A, cell binding capacity of B16/F1 cells, cultured with 20 nM () or 50 nM NDP ({blacksquare}) or with 10% dialyzed FCS (), for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP. Bars, SD. B, recovery of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP binding capacity in B16/F1 cells treated with 50 nM NDP ({blacksquare}). Control binding levels ({square}) of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP were obtained with B16/F1 cells grown in media supplemented with 10% FCS. Bars, SD.

 
Murine Melanoma C57 Mouse Model.
The in vivo biodistribution of the 99mTc- and 125I-labeled {alpha}-MSH analogues were examined in healthy and tumor-bearing mouse models. Fig. 6Citation illustrates a comparison of the biodistribution properties among 99mTc-CCMSH, 99mTc-CGCG-NDP, and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP in B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 4 h after injection. The tumor uptake for 99mTc-CCMSH was significantly higher than that of 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP (P < 0.001 and 0.001 < P < 0.01, respectively). The percentage of radioactivity in the blood of mice injected with 99mTc-CCMSH and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP was significantly lower than that of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP (P < 0.001). The majority of the radioactivity for 99mTc-CCMSH and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP was eliminated via the kidneys into the urine, whereas the radioactivity of 99mTc-CGCG-NDP was cleared from both urine and the GI tract. Because of the high tumor uptake and fast clearance, the tumor:blood uptake ratio for 99mTc-CCMSH was 6.3- and 21.5-fold higher than that of 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, respectively. However, the kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was 14.6 ± 1.9 (% ID/g), which was 5–12 times higher than that of 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP.



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  		Fig. 6. Biodistribution comparison among 99mTc-CCMSH ({blacksquare}), 99mTc-CGCG-NDP ({square}), and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP () in B16/F1 murine melanoma bearing C57 mice at 4 h after injection (n = 5). The data are reported as % ID/g or % ID and tumor:blood uptake ratio (T/B ratio). Bars, SD.

 
Blockage of Nonspecific Kidney Uptake.
Two strategies to decrease the high nonspecific renal radioactivity accumulation were investigated. One strategy was to reduce the amount of positive charge on CCMSH by substituting Lys with Nle or Gly. The IC50s of Nle-CCMSH and Gly-CCMSH were determined by competitive binding assay with 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP in B16/F1 murine melanoma cells and compared with that of NDP (Table 2)Citation . The receptor binding affinity of the modified analogues was about 10 times lower than that of NDP, with IC50s of 1.9, 3.8, and 0.21 nM for Nle11-CCMSH, Gly11-CCMSH, and NDP, respectively. However, the receptor binding affinity of the modified peptides did not change significantly compared with that of CCMSH (Table 2)Citation .


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  		Table 2 The IC50 of {alpha}-MSH analogues

 
The results of biodistribution studies for the 99mTc-labeled modified peptides, 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH, compared with that of 99mTc-CCMSH in the murine melanoma C57 mouse model at 1 h after injection, are presented in Fig. 7Citation . Although the kidney uptake of 99mTc-Nle-11-CCMSH and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH was dramatically decreased, their tumor uptake was also significantly lower than that of 99mTc-CCMSH (P < 0.001). There were also differences between these two modified peptides, with the tumor and kidney uptakes of 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH being significantly higher than those of 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH. In addition, the replacement of the Lys11 in CCMSH with Nle11 or Gly11 partially changed the path of the clearance from urine to GI. Greater than 50% ID of the radioactivity of 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH was cleared through the GI at 1 h after injection, whereas only about 20% ID was eliminated in urine (Fig. 7)Citation .



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  		Fig. 7. Biodistribution and tumor targeting capacity of 99mTc-CCMSH ({blacksquare}), 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH ({square}), and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH () in B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 1 h after injection (n = 5; % ID/g or % ID). Bars, SD.

 
Another strategy to decrease the kidney uptake was lysine coinjection. Lysine coinjection has been shown to reduce nonspecific kidney retention associated with radiolabeled antibody fragments and peptides (34) . Table 3Citation shows the results of the lysine coinjection for blocking the nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH in two different groups of healthy C57 mice at 30 min and 1 h after injection. Group 1 was first i.p. injected with 20 mg of lysine and then i.v. injected with a mixture of 99mTc-CCMSH and 25 mg of lysine, and group 2 was i.v. injected with a mixture of 99mTc-CCMSH and 25 mg of lysine only. There was no significant difference in the efficiency of reducing the kidney uptake between these two groups (Table 3)Citation . Hence, a single coinjection of 99mTc-CCMSH with 30 mg of lysine was performed in melanoma-bearing C57 mice to determine whether the lysine coinjection would interfere with the tumor uptake. Table 4Citation lists the biodistribution data of 99mTc-CCMSH with or without a 30-mg lysine coinjection in murine melanoma-bearing mice at 0.5, 1, 4, and 24 h after injection. Except for the kidney, the uptake values of 99mTc-CCMSH in both tumor and normal tissues of interest and the clearance kinetics were not significantly changed by the lysine coinjection. Lysine coinjection was successful in reducing nonspecific kidney uptake by 48, 55, and 70% at 0.5, 1, and 4 h after injection, respectively (Table 4)Citation .


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  		Table 3 Effect of lysine coinjection on the kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH in C57 BL/6 mice at 30 min and 1 h after injection (n = 5; % ID/g or % ID)

 

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  		Table 4 Biodistribution comparison of 99mTc-CCMSH with or without lysine coinjection in B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 BL/6 mice at various times after injection (% ID/g or % ID; n = 5)

 
The in vivo specificity of 99mTc-CCMSH tumor uptake was investigated by coinjection of 2 µg of nonradiolabeled NDP with the radiolabeled peptide complex. Both groups of mice were also administered 30 mg of lysine to decrease the renal uptake. Coinjection of NDP specifically reduced the tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH from 11.5 ± 1.3 to 1.8 ± 0.7 (% ID/g; P < 0.001) without changing the distribution of 99mTc-CCMSH in the normal tissues of interest (Fig. 8)Citation .



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  		Fig. 8. In vivo tumor targeting specificity of 99mTc-CCMSH. Two to 4 µCi of 99mTc-CCMSH + 30 mg lysine were injected with 2 µg of NDP ({square}) or without NDP ({blacksquare}) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 1 h after injection (n = 5). Bars, SD.

 
Tumor Imaging.
A murine melanoma (B16/F1)-bearing C57 mouse was imaged at 1 and 8 h after the administration of 99mTc-CCMSH (Fig. 9)Citation . Although the radioactivity accumulation in the bladder is very high, the tumor spot is identifiable 1 h after injection image (Fig. 9Citation , left). After the mouse voids its bladder contents, the extremely high tumor uptake and low background in the normal tissues are observed as illustrated in the image obtained 8 h after injection of radioactivity (Fig. 9Citation , right).



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  		Fig. 9. Imaging of B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mouse after 1 h (left) and 8 h (right) administration of 100 µCi of 99mTc-CCMSH.

 
Human Melanoma Scid Mouse Model.
The tumor uptake property of 99mTc-CCMSH was further examined in the amelanonic TXM-13 and melanonic TXM-13JQ human melanoma-bearing Scid mouse models. Table 5Citation shows the biodistribution, tumor uptake, and tumor:tissue uptake ratios of 99mTc-CCMSH in TXM-13 human melanoma bearing Scid mice at 30 min, 1, 4, and 24 h after injection with or without lysine coinjection. The biodistribution of the 99mTcCCMSH in normal tissues of interest was comparable between the two mouse models (e.g., TXM-13 human melanoma-bearing Scid mice and B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice; Tables 4Citation and 5Citation ). Compared with murine melanoma, the tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH in human melanoma was lower, which may be attributable to its lower receptor density and differences in in vivo behavior. However, a tumor uptake of 2.39 ± 0.42% ID/g was obtained at 4 h after injection in TXM-13 melanoma-bearing Scid mice, resulting in an uptake ratio of tumor:normal tissue of 11.5 and 50.9 for the blood and the muscle, respectively (Table 5)Citation . Biodistribution results of 99mTc-CCMSH in Scid mice bearing the melanonic TXM-13JQ human melanoma at 30 min and 4 h after injection are illustrated in Fig. 10Citation . The tumor uptake at both 30 min and 4 h after injection was (7.64 ± 2.12 and 6.55 ± 1.31, respectively), significantly higher than that in Scid mice bearing the amelanonic solid TXM-13 human melanoma (0.001 < P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively).


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  		Table 5 Biodistribution comparison of 99mTc-CCMSH with or without lysine coinjection in TXM-13 human melanoma-bearing Scid mice at various times after injection (% ID/g or % ID; n = 5)

 


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  		Fig. 10. Biodistribution and tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH in TXM-13JQ human melanoma-bearing Scid mice at 30 min ({square}) and 4 h ({blacksquare}) after injection (n = 5; % ID/g). Bars, SD.

 
Tumor Tissue Histopathological Studies.
Histopathological examinations were performed on tumors induced by s.c. injection of B16/F1 murine melanoma cells and TXM-13 and TXM-13JQ human melanoma tumor cells. Tumor sections from the histopathological studies are shown Fig. 11Citation . All of the three pictures show unencapsulated masses composed of round cells with distinct borders, moderate basophilic cytoplasm, often containing brown to black intracytoplasmic pigment granules. The cells are also marked by anisokaryosis of the round nucleoli, which are consistent with malignant melanoma. Morphologically, the B16/F1- and TXM-13JQ-induced tumors formed melanonic gelatinous masses, whereas TXM-13 induced an amelanonic solid mass tumor. Moreover, severe necrosis was observed in the amelanonic solid TXM-13 human melanoma tumor (Fig. 11C)Citation , whereas necrosis was much less prevalent in the TXM-13JQ tumor tissue and rarely seen in the B16 tumor (Fig. 11, A and B)Citation .



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  		Fig. 11. Histopathological studies of melanonic gelatinous B16/F1 murine melanoma tissue (A), melanonic gelatinous TXM-13JQ (B), and amelanonic solid TXM-13 (C) human melanoma tissues.

 

   DISCUSSION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Cellular internalization of a bioactive complex, such as antibody or peptide, is often subject to extensive metabolization in the lysosome (35) . Redistribution of the radioactive catabolites of the radiocomplex, having been degraded in target cells, will dramatically influence the tumor radioactivity uptake and retention (36) . It has been demonstrated that some radioactive catabolites, such as free iodine and iodobenzoic acid, are rapidly washed out from targeted cells. For example, the tumor radioactivity retention time for a radioiodinated internalizing antibody is significantly shorter than the same molecule labeled with a radiometal chelate, such as 111In (37) .

In this investigation, the data illustrated that ~70% of the membrane-bound radiolabeled {alpha}-MSH analogues were internalized in both B16/F1 murine (Fig. 3)Citation and TXM-13 human melanoma cell lines (data not shown). Although there was no difference in cellular retention between these three radiolabeled analogues at 25°C, the cellular retention of the 99mTc-labeled analogues was 2.5-fold higher than that of the radioiodinated analogue at 37°C (Fig. 4)Citation . C-18 Sep-Pak column analysis of the radioactive moiety in the medium showed that the majority of the radioactivity released from the cells into the media had been metabolized into low molecular weight forms. No differences in the cellular retention of 99mTc-CCMSH and 99mTc-CGCG-NDP were found in vitro, contradicting the results observed in vivo (Fig. 6)Citation , which might be attributable to differences in metabolism of the radiolabeled complexes in vitro and in vivo.

The results of NDP-induced down-regulation of {alpha}-MSH receptors on B16/F1 cells (Fig. 5)Citation were consistent with previous reports (38 , 39) , which suggested that {alpha}-MSH peptides are internalized together with their receptors upon binding. The use of dialyzed FCS eliminated trace levels of {alpha}-MSH hormone in the FCS supplemented media, resulting in a slight increase in B16/F1 cell receptor binding of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP. However, the treatment of the B16/F1 cells with NDP at a concentration of as low as 20 nM blocked {alpha}-MSH receptor-mediated binding of the iodinated NDP analogue, illustrating sensitivity of the receptor for its cognate ligand. Receptor internalization and slow recovery highlight the importance of developing a {alpha}-MSH receptor targeting agent that not only possess high affinity but also an equally high degree of cellular retention.

In this study, a cell binding value of 4–8% was obtained for all three radiolabeled analogues, which is significantly lower than the percentage of cell binding values reported for radiolabeled antibodies (40) . The difference in percentage of cell binding values between 99mTc-CCMSH and radiolabeled antibodies is primarily attributable to the concentration of receptor or antigen. To illustrate the effect of receptor concentration on the binding capacity, the binding fraction (1/r) of 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP to B16/F1 cells was tested by an immunoreactivity assay, commonly used to determine the bioactivity of a radiolabeled antibody (33) . A binding fraction (1/r) of 0.37 was obtained for the radioiodinated NDP (2,000 Ci/mmol) to B16/F1 cells. Because the receptor density on B16/F1 cells was 7,000/cell, a cell concentration of 32 million cells/ml represented a receptor concentration of 0.37 nM, which was approximately the Ki of NDP. Hence, the low percentage of cell binding for 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP observed in this investigation (Fig. 3)Citation was attributable to the low receptor concentration on the cells (e.g., 0.2 million cells/0.5 ml only represented a receptor concentration of 4.6 pM, which is ~45 times lower than the Ki of NDP). This result demonstrates that the immunoreactivity assay is difficult to apply when receptor concentration is low.

The in vivo results showed that the tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was significantly higher than that of 99mTc-labeled and radioiodinated linear NDP analogues in the murine melanoma mouse model. The tumor:blood uptake ratio of 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after the injection time point was 6.3- and 21.5-fold higher than that of 99mTc-CGCG-NDP and 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, respectively (Fig. 6)Citation . This result was consistent with our previous report that the radiolabeled linear {alpha}-MSH analogues were rapidly washed out of the tumor tissue (31) . In comparison with the linear analogues, 99mTc-CCMSH is cyclized via the site-specific metal coordination by three Cys3,4,10 sulfhydryls and a Cys4 amide nitrogen (23 , 32) . The cyclized and compacted structure of 99mTc-CCMSH appears to enhance the resistance of the molecule to proteolysis and contributes significantly to the high in vivo tumor uptake and retention. The high tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was shown to be specific, because 84% of the tumor uptake was identically blocked by coinjection of 2 µg of nonradiolabeled NDP (Fig. 8)Citation . The extremely high tumor uptake and retention of 99mTc-CCMSH is also identified in the 8-h postinjection imaging (Fig. 9)Citation .

The nonspecific radioactivity accumulation in the kidneys is often associated with the in vivo application of radiolabeled peptides and antibody fragments (23 , 28 , 34) . It was hypothesized that the positive charge of the lysine residue in the 99mTc-CCMSH sequence contributed significantly to the nonspecific radioactivity kidney retention. Substitution of Lys11 with Nle11 or Gly11 in the 99mTc-CCMSH sequence yielded analogues with reduced kidney uptake (Fig. 7)Citation , but the tumor uptake of the two analogues was also significantly lower compared with that of 99mTc-CCMSH. Although the Nle11-CCMSH and Gly11-CCMSH analogues showed similar receptor binding affinities to CCMSH in vitro (Table 2)Citation , the loss of the lysine residue at position 11 adversely affected tumor uptake in vivo (Fig. 7)Citation . These results demonstrate that the lysine residue in 99mTc-CCMSH is critical for effective melanoma targeting in vivo. Moreover, the Lys11 replacement in 99mTc-CCMSH altered the pathway of clearance from urine to the GI tract, which slowed the clearance kinetics of the 99mTc-labeled analogues from the whole body. However, nonspecific kidney retention of 99mTc-CCMSH was effectively reduced by lysine coinjection. A single injection of 30 mg of lysine together with the 99mTc-CCMSH decreased the kidney uptake by 48, 55, and 70% at 30 min and 1 and 4 h after injection without altering tumor uptake. Lysine coinjection showed more efficient blocking at 4 h after injection, suggesting that part of the radioactivity in the kidney at earlier time points was attributable to radioactivity clearance from the kidney into the urine. Kidney uptake with the lysine coinjection was lower, but without statistical difference (P > 0.05), than that of the control group at 24 h after radiocomplex administration (Table 4)Citation .

Substantial tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH was also demonstrated in the TXM-13 and TXM-13JQ human melanoma-bearing Scid mice models (Table 5Citation ; Fig. 10Citation ). The biodistribution of 99mTc-CCMSH in normal tissue in TXM-13 human melanoma-bearing Scid mice was similar to that in B16/F1 murine melanoma-bearing C57 mice (Tables 4Citation and 5)Citation . It appeared that the lower {alpha}-MSH receptor density and tumor morphology contributed to the reduced tumor uptake of 99mTcCCMSH in the TXM-13 human melanoma xenografts compared with that in the B16/F1 murine melanoma in the C57 mouse model. There was a significant difference in uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH between TXM-13- and TXM-13JQ-induced human melanoma tumors. Tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after injection increased from 2.39 ± 0.41 (% ID/g) in TXM-13 to 6.55 ± 1.31 (% ID/g) in TXM-13JQ. The TXM-13JQ cell line was derived from the original TXM-13 cell line by successive passaging in vitro. In vivo TXM-13JQ formed uniform melanonic gelatinous tumors with limited necrotic centers in contrast to TXM-13, which formed amelanonic solid tumors with extensive necrotic centers (Fig. 11)Citation . Clearly, the extent of necrosis within the TXM-13 human melanoma affects the tumor uptake. However, even in the solid TXM-13 human melanoma Scid mouse model, the uptake ratio of tumor:blood or tumor:muscle of 11.5 or 50.9, respectively, was obtained for 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after injection because of the high tumor uptake and low background in the normal tissues (Table 5)Citation .

In conclusion, the cyclic {alpha}-MSH analogue 99mTc-CCMSH showed superior tumor uptake and retention and fast whole body clearance in both murine and human melanoma mouse models, compared with any other radiolabeled {alpha}-MSH analogue (14 , 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31) . The compacted cyclic structure of 99mTc-CCMSH (23 , 32) exhibits resistance to degradation and enhanced intracellular retention, resulting in the high in vivo tumor-targeting properties of the molecule. Lysine coinjection rather than peptide modification of the Lys11 residue in 99mTcCCMSH was shown to significantly decrease the nonspecific radioactivity accumulation in the kidneys without significantly interfering with the high melanoma-targeting properties of 99mTc- CCMSH. The metal-cyclized CCMSH molecule displays high potential for the development of melanoma-specific diagnostic and therapeutic agents.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We express our gratitude to Dr. Wynn Volkert and Dr. Susan Deutscher for helpful discussions; Dr. Nellie K. Owen, Dr. Vladislav V. Glinskii, Chys Higginbothan, Julia Robinson, and Donna Whitener for assistance; and Dr. Isaiah J. Fidler for kindly supplying the TXM-13 human melanoma cell line.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported by Grant ER61661 from the Department of Energy (to T. P. Q.) and a grant from the University of Missouri Molecular Biology Postdoctoral Fellowship (to JQ. C.). Back

2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211. Phone: (573) 882-6099; Fax: (573) 882-5635; E-mail: quinnt{at}missouri.edu Back

3 The abbreviations used are: {alpha}-MSH, {alpha}-melanocyte stimulating hormone; DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; CGCG, Ac-Cys-Gly-Cys-Gly; Scid, severe combined immunodeficient; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; RP, reverse phase; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; GI, gastrointestinal tract; ID, injected dose; FAB, fast atom bombardment; NDP, [Nle4, D-Phe7]{alpha}-MSH; CCMSH, [Cys3,4,10, D-Phe7]{alpha}-MSH3–13; Gly11-CCMSH, [Cys3,4,10, D-Phe7, Gly11]{alpha}-MSH3–13; Nle11-CCMSH, [Cys3,4,10, D-Phe7, Nle11]{alpha}-MSH3–13. Back

Received 3/ 7/00. Accepted 8/17/00.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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