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[Cancer Research 60, 779-782, February 15, 2000]
© 2000 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

A Calcitriol Analogue, EB1089, Inhibits the Growth of LNCaP Tumors in Nude Mice1

Sarah E. Blutt, Tara C. Polek, LaMonica V. Stewart, Michael W. Kattan and Nancy L. Weigel2

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 [S. E. B., T. C. P., L. V. S., N. L. W.], and Departments of Urology and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021 [M. W. K.]


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Limited options for the treatment of prostate cancer have spurred the search for new therapies. One innovative approach is the use of 1{alpha},25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) analogues to inhibit cancer growth. We demonstrate here that the calcitriol analogue, EB1089, extensively inhibits the growth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in culture and causes the cells to both accumulate in G0-G1 and undergo apoptosis. Importantly, we found that EB1089 inhibits the growth of LNCaP tumor xenografts in nude mice. Because of these antiproliferative properties in vivo, EB1089 is a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer.


   Introduction
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
The lack of effective treatments for advanced prostate cancer has spurred research toward the development of novel chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive methods to treat the disease. Calcitriol3 regulates bone maintenance and calcium metabolism, but more recently, calcitriol has been shown to have significant antiproliferative properties when administered to many cancer cell lines in vitro, including the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line (1) . Although calcitriol strongly inhibits LNCaP cell growth in culture, the concentrations required (~10–100 nM; Ref. 1 ) are unachievable in vivo because of unacceptable side effects such as hypercalcemia (2) . Much effort has been devoted to the development of analogues of calcitriol that retain antiproliferative capabilities but do not cause unwanted side effects in vivo. One promising analogue, EB1089 (3) , developed by Leo Pharmaceuticals (Ballerup, Denmark), is a deltanoid derivative of calcitriol that inhibits LNCaP cell growth at much lower concentrations than calcitriol (~1 nM; Ref. 4 ). We demonstrate here that EB1089, at much lower levels than those required for calcitriol, virtually irreversibly inhibits the growth of LNCaP cells and causes a comparable amount of apoptosis and G0-G1 cell cycle accumulation. We also show that pharmacological levels of EB1089 injected i.p. substantially reduce the growth of LNCaP tumors in a nude mouse xenograft model without raising serum calcium levels (a measure of hypercalcemia) beyond the normal range. This property of EB1089 makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of prostate cancer.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Compounds.
Calcitriol was obtained from Solvay DuPhar (Weesp, the Netherlands), and EB1089 (3) was generously provided by Dr. Lise Binderup of Leo Pharmaceuticals. Both compounds were dissolved in ethanol and stored in the dark at -80°C. All other chemicals were reagent grade unless otherwise stated.

Cell Culture.
LNCaP cells were plated in six-well dishes at a density of 13,000 cells/well and grown in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with Rehatuin fetal bovine serum (Intergen Co., Purchase, NY) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 as described by Blutt et al. (5) . Cells were treated with 1 nM EB1089 for 6 days with medium and hormone replaced on day 3, after which hormone was removed and growth recovery was compared for cells continuously treated with hormone. Cells were harvested and counted as reported by Blutt et al. (5) . All samples were tested in triplicate, and statistical significance was determined by ANOVA using SigmaStat (Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). Each experiment was performed a minimum of three times, and a representative experiment is shown.

Cell Cycle Analysis.
LNCaP cells were plated in 10-cm dishes at a density of 200,000 cells/dish and treated with EB1089, calcitriol, or vehicle for 6 days with fresh medium and hormone added on the third day. Cells were pulsed with 10 µM bromodeoxyuridine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) for 15 h before harvesting. Cells were harvested and processed, and flow cytometry was performed as described by Blutt et al. (5) . Samples were run in triplicate, and statistical significance was determined by ANOVA using SigmaStat. A minimum of three experiments was performed.

Cell Death Analysis.
LNCaP cells were treated for 6 days, harvested, and fixed using 1% formaldehyde (TEM grade; Tousimis Research Corp., Rockville, MD) followed by 70% ethanol. Cells were processed using a DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (terminal transferase) reaction mixture (Boehringer Mannheim) and incubated with avidin-FITC to identify positive cells. Total DNA content was measured by counterstaining with propidium iodide. Flow cytometry was performed as described previously (5) . Samples were run in triplicate, and statistical significance was determined by ANOVA using SigmaStat.

Nude Mouse Tumor Studies.
LNCaP cells at 70% confluency were trypsinized and resuspended in Matrigel Matrix (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) at a concentration of one million cells/100 µl matrix. Male athymic nu/nu mice, ~6 weeks of age (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, IN), on a vitamin D-deficient diet supplemented with 1% calcium (Purina Mills Inc., St. Louis, MO) received injections s.c. with 100 µl of the cell/Matrigel mix on the dorsal surface. Treatment was begun when tumors reached a calculated volume of ~150 mm3 (length x width x 1/2 the greater of length or width). Animals received injections i.p. with either 0.50 µg/kg (equivalent to 3 nM, assuming uniform body distribution) EB1089 (supplied by Leo Pharmaceuticals) diluted in sesame oil or sesame oil alone every other day, and weights and calculated tumor volumes were collected over the course of treatment. SAS software (Cary, NC) was used to determine statistical significance using analysis of covariance. Statistical significance of weight was determined using Student’s t test. In the experiment shown, 20 animals received injections, and after tumors were established, the animals were randomly assigned to control (n = 10) or treated (n = 10) groups.

Calcium Measurements.
Serum calcium was measured on a Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 704 Analyzer (Boehringer Mannheim) using the system pack for calcium ({gamma}-aminobutyric acid) and following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Tumor Histology.
Tumors were harvested and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin overnight and placed in 70% ethanol. Tumors were paraffin embedded, sectioned, placed on poly-lysine slides, and stained with H&E to visualize cell nuclei and cytoplasm. Images were recorded using a Zeiss Axioskop light microscope at x10.

Androgen Receptor Staining.
Sections from above were deparaffinized, and antigen was retrieved using 0.01 M citrate buffer and boiling in a microwave. Slides were preincubated with horse serum (Vectastain ABC kit; Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA). Human androgen receptor antibody AR441 was used to detect AR-positive cells in tumor sections. Positive staining was visualized using the Vectastain kit reagents and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (Research Genetics, Huntsville, AL). Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin and dehydrated. Images were recorded using a Zeiss Axioskop light microscope at x10.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
REFERENCES
 
Growth-inhibitory Properties of EB1089.
We have shown previously that 1 nM EB1089 is as effective as 100 nM calcitriol at inhibiting the growth of LNCaP cells in culture (5) . To determine whether the growth-inhibitory effects extend beyond the period of treatment, we compared, over a 12-day period, the growth rates of cells treated with EB1089 for only 6 days to growth rates of cells continuously treated with EB1089 and cells treated with vehicle alone. The ability of a 6-day treatment with EB1089 to completely halt growth of the cells and to prevent the capacity to proliferate during a 6-day recovery period (Fig. 1)Citation illustrates the remarkable antiproliferative capabilities of 1 nM EB1089.



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  		Fig. 1. LNCaP cells do not recover rapidly from EB1089 treatment. LNCaP cells were plated at a density of 13,000 cells/well in six-well dishes, treated with either vehicle (0.1% ethanol) or 1 nM EB1089, harvested by trypsinization, and counted using a Coulter Counter at the indicated times. Y-axis, total number of cells/well; X-axis, days of treatment. Columns, average numbers of cells/well (n = 3); bars, SD. Experiments were performed a minimum of three times. {blacksquare}, ethanol treatment; {square}, continuous treatment with EB1089; , cells treated for 6 days with EB1089 and then treated with ethanol. ANOVA was performed to determine statistical significance between treatment groups. *, P <= 0.05 compared with ethanol-treated cells.

 
EB1089 Causes Both Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis.
Treatment of LNCaP cells with high concentrations of calcitriol causes G0-G1 accumulation (5 , 6) and induces apoptosis (7 , 8) . To determine whether 1 nM EB1089 was capable of inducing comparable responses, we first examined the cell cycle distribution of EB1089-treated LNCaP cells. We found that treatment with either 1 or 10 nM EB1089 causes a substantial accumulation of the cells in G0-G1 (shown in Table 1Citation ), whereas our previous studies demonstrated that 100 nM calcitriol was required to achieve similar levels of accumulation (5) . To determine whether EB1089 also caused LNCaP cell apoptosis, we assessed the amount of DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptotic cells after treatment with 1 nM EB1089 and found that 1 nM EB1089 is as effective as 100 nM calcitriol at causing apoptosis of LNCaP cells (Table 1)Citation . Collectively, the cell cycle and apoptosis assays show that 1 nM EB1089 induces the same LNCaP cell response as does 10 or 100 nM calcitriol.


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  		Table 1 EB1089 induces G0-G1 accumulation and DNA fragmentation

LNCap cells were plated at a density of 250,000 cells/10-cm plate and treated for 6 days with either vehicle (0.1% ethanol), calcitriol, or EB1089. For cell cycle experiments, cells were pulsed before harvesting for 15 h with bromodeoxyuridine. Cells were fixed in ethanol and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation detected using an anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody. G0G1 represents cells not labeled with antibody. For DNA fragmentation experiments, cells were labeled with terminal transferase following the Boehringer Mannheim protocol. In both experiments, cells were counterstained with propidium iodide, and staining/labeling was quantitated using a flow cytometer. Numbers represent mean cell population ± SD (n = 3). The experiments were performed a minimum of three times, and a representative experiment is shown. ANOVA was performed to determine statistical significance between treatment groups.

 
EB1089 Inhibits the Growth of LNCaP Tumors in Nude Mice.
Because LNCaP cells require additional factors or stromal cells to induce tumor growth in nude mice (9) , we mixed LNCaP cells with Matrigel (10) and injected the cells s.c. into mice to produce tumors. Nude mice with established LNCaP tumors (1/mouse) were then treated with either vehicle (sesame oil) or EB1089 diluted in sesame oil for a 19-day period. Tumors in both groups started with an approximate calculated volume of 150 mm3 (Fig. 2A)Citation , and the average final tumor volumes were 259 ± 33.7 in animals that received no EB1089 and 165.2 ± 23.1 in animals treated with EB1089, an increase in mean tumor volume of 109 and 15 mm3, respectively. Although this difference is significant (P <= 0.05), this is likely an underestimate of the difference in tumor burden for two reasons: (a) we are estimating the third dimension. Shown in Fig. 3, A and BCitation are typical tumors from control and treated mice. For this particular figure, animals received injections at two sites instead of one site. Note that the control tumors appear nearly round, whereas the EB1089-treated tumors are quite flat. Hence, the actual volumes differ more than is estimated based on the volume formula (length x width x 1/2 the greater of length or width); and (b) as described below, the proportion of measured tumor volume actually occupied by tumor cells is less in the EB1089-treated tumors than in the control tumors.



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  		Fig. 2. EB1089 inhibits the growth of LNCaP tumors in nude mice. One million LNCaP cells were mixed with 100 µl of Matrigel Matrix and injected s.c. into one site on the dorsal side of male nude mice (~6 weeks of age). Tumors were grown until an approximate volume of 150 mm3, determined by the formula length x width x 1/2 the larger of length or width. Animals received injections i.p. with either sesame oil (vehicle) or 0.5 µg/kg EB1089 in a total volume of 100 µl every other day. Interim measurements were taken twice a week, and final measurements were taken on day 19 of treatment. Points are an average of tumors (n = 10); bars, SE. A: Y-axis, average tumor volume for each treatment group; X-axis, time. *, P <= 0.05 using analysis of covariance compared with the starting tumor volume. Gray lines, first-order linear regression of points. B: Y-axis, average serum calcium levels for each treatment group. Bars, average ± SE (n = 10). Lines, average range of serum calcium for male mice of the age used (10) . C: Y-axis, average weights of each treatment group (bars, SE; n = 10); X-axis, time.

 


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  		Fig. 3. Analysis of LNCaP tumors. A and B, size comparison in animals receiving injections at two tumor sites and treated as described in Fig. 2Citation . A, sesame oil; B, EB1089. Tumors from Fig. 2ACitation were harvested, fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned onto poly-lysine-coated slides, and used for experiments shown in C–H. Tumor sections C, E, and G are from sesame oil-treated animals; tumor sections D, F, and H are from animals receiving EB1089. Sections C and D were stained with H&E. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections E, F, G, and H using the human AR antibody AR441. G and H are sections incubated without AR441.

 
Treatment with EB1089 Alters Tumor Histology.
To compare the cellular content of each tumor, we harvested tumors from both treatment groups and stained tumor sections with H&E. As assessed by light microscopy (Fig. 3, C and D)Citation , the tumors from untreated animals (Fig. 3C)Citation consisted of tightly packed cells, and many blood sinuses were apparent within the tumor. In contrast, tumors from treated animals (D) were considerably less cellular and were composed primarily of acellular material; moreover, the extent of vascularization appeared to be less than in untreated tumors. Cells were most commonly found in small islands. This histology indicated that there was a very large difference in actual tumor cell burden between treated and untreated animals.

To determine which cells were LNCaP cells, we used an antibody specific for the human AR. Fig. 3, E and FCitation , illustrate the AR-positive LNCaP cells within both untreated and treated tumor sections. The control section (Fig. 3E)Citation consists of densely packed AR-positive cells interspaced with some AR-negative cells. The sections from the treated animal (F) contained islands of AR-positive cells amid acellular material and regions containing AR-negative (presumably mouse) cells. Controls (incubated without the AR antibody) for specificity are shown in Fig. 3, G and HCitation .

Serum Calcium Levels Are in the Normal Range.
The tumor growth inhibition reported above occurred with no physically apparent symptoms of hypercalcemia (lethargy or dehydration), and serum calcium levels in both groups (9.25 ± 0.35 for untreated animals and 10.5 ± 0.60 in treated animals) were within the normal range of serum calcium for mice of the age and sex used (Fig. 2B;Citation Ref. 11 ). A small but insignificant drop (P = 0.09) in weight was observed in animals treated with EB1089, but this did not appear to significantly affect the health of the animals (Fig. 2C).Citation In other unrelated studies, the same dose of EB1089 administered for over 6 weeks did not raise serum calcium levels above the normal range, and normal mouse weights were maintained.

Conclusions.
Although calcitriol itself and other calcitriol analogues have been tested in the Dunning tumor model of prostate cancer (12) and in a PC3 human prostate cancer cell athymic mouse model (13) with some success in inhibiting prostate tumor growth, hypercalcemia and weight loss were also noted. In contrast, our findings show that EB1089 can inhibit LNCaP tumor growth without inducing hypercalcemia. Studies that report the effect of EB1089 in breast (14) , pancreatic (15) , and colon cancer (16) models suggest that this compound may be useful in treating a number of tumors. Two promising studies in humans demonstrated that calcitriol can stabilize rising PSA levels in prostate cancer patients with advanced disease, although both studies were limited by hypercalcemic side effects (17 , 18) . Of interest will be whether EB1089 has similar effects in humans without the incidence of side effects.

Our finding that the treated tumors consist of small islands of cells surrounded by acellular material and mouse-derived cells rather than large masses of tumor cells suggests that one potential mechanism of EB1089 action may be through the inhibition of new blood vessel formation. This inhibition of blood vessel formation could result in cell islands that cannot obtain enough nutrients to proliferate and eventually become necrotic. In fact, in some of our tumor sections from treated animals, we have observed necrotic centers in the cellular islands. Some studies have already reported calcitriol as having significant antiangiogenic properties (19 , 20) , and additional studies will be necessary to elucidate the antiangiogenic properties of EB1089. Our findings of the antiproliferative effects of EB1089 on LNCaP xenografts with no observable calcemic side effects may offer a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Dr. Susan Magdaleno for help with setting up the nude mouse model and Dr. Lise Binderup for providing the EB1089.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported by the NIH/National Cancer Institute Specialized Programs of Research Excellence Grant for Prostate Cancer CA58204 and USPHS Grant CA75337 Back

2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (713) 798-6234; Fax: (713) 790-1275; E-mail: nweigel{at}bcm.tmc.edu Back

3 The abbreviations used are: calcitriol, 1{alpha},25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; AR, androgen receptor. Back

Received 10/ 5/99. Accepted 1/ 4/00.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 

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J. Prudencio, N. Akutsu, N. Benlimame, T. Wang, Y. Bastien, R. Lin, M. J. Black, M. A. Alaoui-Jamali, and J. H. White
Action of Low Calcemic 1{{alpha}},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogue EB1089 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
J Natl Cancer Inst, May 16, 2001; 93(10): 745 - 753.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
K. L. Burnstein, N. L. Weigel, S. E. Blutt, T. C. Polek, and L. V. Stewart
Correspondence re: S. E. Blutt, T. C. Polek, L. V. Stewart, M. W. Kattan, and N. L. Weigel, A Calcitriol Analogue, EB1089, Inhibits the Growth of LNCaP Tumors in Nude Mice. Cancer Res., 60: 779-782, 2000.
Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 61(10): 4294 - 4294.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
P. A. Hershberger, W.-D. Yu, R. A. Modzelewski, R. M. Rueger, C. S. Johnson, and D. L. Trump
Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol) Enhances Paclitaxel Antitumor Activity in Vitro and in Vivo and Accelerates Paclitaxel-induced Apoptosis
Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 7(4): 1043 - 1051.
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T. F. McGuire, D. L. Trump, and C. S. Johnson
Vitamin D3-induced Apoptosis of Murine Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. SELECTIVE INDUCTION OF CASPASE-DEPENDENT MEK CLEAVAGE AND UP-REGULATION OF MEKK-1
J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 26365 - 26373.
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