Cancer Research The Future of Cancer Research: Science and Patient Impact
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Im, Y.-H.
Right arrow Articles by Kim, S.-J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Im, Y.-H.
Right arrow Articles by Kim, S.-J.
[Cancer Research 60, 1536-1540, March 15, 2000]
© 2000 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1 Oncoproteins of Ewing Tumor Family All Suppress Transcription of Transforming Growth Factor ß Type II Receptor Gene

Young-Hyuck Im, Heung Tae Kim, Cecile Lee, Danielle Poulin, Scott Welford, Poul H. B. Sorensen, Christopher T. Denny and Seong-Jin Kim1

Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, DBS, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055 [Y-H. I., H. T. K., C. L., D. P., S-J. K.]; Molecular Biology Institute and Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Gwyne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 [S. W., C. T. D.]; and Department of Pathology, Children’s and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3V4 Canada [P. H. B. S.]


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Ewing sarcoma-specific chromosomal translocations fuse the EWS gene to a subset of ets transcription factor family members, most commonly the FLI1 gene and less frequently ERG, ETV1, E1A-F, or FEV. These fusion proteins are thought to act as aberrant transcription factors that bind DNA through their ets DNA binding domain. Recently, we have shown (K-B. Hahm et al., Nat. Genet., 23: 222–227, 1999) that the transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) type II receptor (TGF-ß RII), a putative tumor suppressor gene, is a target of the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein. Here, we also examined effects of EWS-ETV1 and EWS-ERG on expression of the TGF-ß RII gene. We show that relative to the control, NIH-3T3 cell lines stably transfected with the EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1 gene fusion express reduced levels of TGF-ß RII mRNA and protein, and that these cell lines have reduced TGF-ß sensitivity. Cotransfection of these fusion genes and the TGF-ß RII promoter suppresses TGF-ß RII promoter activity and also FLI1-, ERG-, or ETV1-induced promoter activity. These results indicate that transcriptional repression of TGF-ß RII is an important target of the EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1 oncogene, and that EWS-ets fusion proteins may function as dominant negative forms of ets transcription factors.


   Introduction
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Transcriptional repression of the TGF-ß2 receptors is one of the mechanisms leading to TGF-ß resistance. Many human cancer cell lines harbor an apparently normal TGF-ß RII gene and downstream signaling proteins but express significantly reduced or undetectable levels of TGF-ß RII mRNA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) . This suggests that altered transcriptional regulation of the TGF-ß RII gene may be a prevalent mechanism leading to TGF-ß insensitivity. Our laboratory has previously cloned and sequenced the 5' flanking region of TGF-ß RII and has characterized two positive regulatory elements. Recently, we have isolated a transcription factor, ERT, that recognizes and binds to the second positive regulatory element of the TGF-ß RII promoter (9) . The isolation and sequencing of the clone ERT/ESX/ESE-1/ELF3/jen (10, 11, 12, 13, 14) , which induced greater promoter activity, revealed it to be a member of the ets family of transcription factors (15) . Our preliminary results demonstrated that most of the ets family members that were examined regulate expression of the TGF-ß RII gene, which suggests that ets family members may be important transcriptional factors involved in the regulation of TGF-ß RII gene expression.

Chromosomal translocations resulting in the expression of chimeric transcription factors are frequently observed in tumor cells (16) , and have been suggested to be a common mechanism in human carcinogenesis. Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) have the t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation that fuses the chromosome 22 EWSR gene to the FLI1 gene on chromosome 11 (17, 18) . In Ewing sarcoma, EWSR also fused less frequently to the ERG gene through a t(21;22) (19) , the ETV1 through a t(7;22) (20) , the E1A-F gene through a t(17;22) (21) , or the FEV gene through a t(2;22) chromosomal translocation (22) . The 11;22 chromosomal translocation specific to Ewing sarcoma generates EWS fusion protein with FLI1, which has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It has been shown that transduction of the EWS-FLI1 gene can transform NIH-3T3 cells, and that mutants that contain a deletion in either the EWS domain or the DNA-binding domain in FLI1 lose this ability (23 , 24) . This indicates that the EWS-FLI1 fusion protein may act as an aberrant transcription factor that binds to target genes through the ets DNA-binding domain of FLI1 (25) . However, the exact mechanism of oncogenesis remains unknown.

Recently, we have shown that EWS-FLI1 binds to PRE2 of the TGF-ß RII promoter and that EWS-FLI1 suppresses transcription of the TGF-ß RII gene (26) . Introduction of TGF-ß RII into Ewing sarcoma cells restores TGF-ß sensitivity and blocks tumorigenicity. Overexpression of EWS-FLI1 in non-Ewing sarcoma cells suppresses expression of endogenous TGF-ß RII mRNA in these cells, which suggests that transcriptional repression of TGF-ß RII is an important target of the EWS-FLI1 oncogene. In this study, we investigated whether other EWS-ETS fusion genes also suppress expression of TGF-ß RII gene. We demonstrate that overexpression of either EWS-ERG or EWS-ETV1 in non-Ewing sarcoma cells suppresses expression of endogenous TGF-ß RII mRNA, and these fusion gene products down-regulate TGF-ß RII promoter activity.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Culture.
Generation of the NIH-3T3 cell lines expressing EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1 has been described previously (24) . NIH-3T3 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells were cultured in MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Expression of EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1 proteins was determined by immunoblot analysis using flag-tag antibody as described previously (24) .

Plasmids.
For the construction of the TGF-ß RII promoter-luciferase construct (PRE2-E4{Delta}38-luc), double-stranded oligonucleotides of PRE2 (+1/+50) of the TGF-ß RII promoter were cloned into NheI and XhoI sites of the adenovirus E4 minimal promoter (-38/+38)-luciferase reporter construct. The sequences of the PCR-generated portions of all of the constructs were verified by DNA sequencing. EWS-FLI1, dnFLI1, FLI1, EWS-ERG, dnERG, ERG, EWS-ETV1, and dnETV1 expression constructs were generated by polymerase chain amplification. Human ETV1 cDNA was cloned from human lung total RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Amplified DNA fragments were cloned into pEF-BOS mammalian expression vector (27) using BamHI and XbaI restriction sites built into the oligonucleotides used for amplification. The sequences of the PCR-generated portions of all of the constructs were verified by DNA sequencing.

Northern Blot Analysis.
Total RNA was isolated with guanidinium isothiocyanate/phenol/chloroform. Ten µg of total RNA was electrophoresed on a 1.0% agarose gel containing 0.66 M formaldehyde, transferred to a Duralon-UV membrane, and cross-linked with UV Stratalinker (Stratagene). Blots were hybridized with cDNA probes for EWS, ß-actin, and TGF-ß RII (28) .

Receptor Cross-linking.
Cells were plated at a density of 1 x 106 cells/well in 6-well dishes. Receptor-ligand binding was performed with 100 pM 125I-labeled TGF-ß1 in the presence or absence of 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled TGF-ß1 (29) . Bound proteins were cross-linked using 300 µM disuccinimidyl suberate, solubilized, and separated with gel electrophoresis.

Transient Transfection and Luciferase Assay.
NIH-3T3 cells expressing neo, EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1 were seeded in 6-well plates at 1.2 x 106 cells/well and transiently transfected with SBE4-Lux (30) using lipofectin (Life Technologies, Inc.). After 12 h, complete media were added, and the cells were incubated for an additional 24 h. The cells were treated with 5 ng/ml TGF-ß1 for an additional 24 h. To examine TGF-ß RII gene regulation, the TGF-ß RII promoter was cotransfected into either NIH-3T3 or HepG2 cells with the vectors described in Fig. 4Citation . Luciferase activity was determined in the cell lysate using an assay kit (Analytic Luminescence Lab) and a Dynatech Laboratories ML3000 luminometer. Activities were normalized on the basis pf ß-galactosidase expression from pSVß-galactosidase in all of the luciferase reporter experiments. All of the experiments were repeated at least three times, and similar results were obtained each time.



View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4. Suppression of the FLI1-, ERG-, or ETV1- induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity by EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1. Regulation of activity of the PRE2 of TGF-ß RII promoter by EWS-FLI1 (a), EWS-ERG (b), or EWS-ETV1 (c). The TGF-ß RII promoter construct was cotransfected with either a control vector or vectors (described on the left side of a) into HepG2 cells, which were then harvested after 36 h and assayed for luciferase activity. Data shown are means of triplicate measurements from one representative transfection. The experiment was repeated at least three times with different plasmid preparations, with comparable results.

 

   Results and Discussion
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
REFERENCES
 
In this study, we used NIH-3T3 cell lines overexpressing EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1 to examine the effects of these EWS fusion genes on expression of TGF-ß RII gene. These cell lines express varying levels of EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1. Because the COOH-terminus of these EWS fusion proteins contains flag tag, we examined the level of these fusion gene products. EWS-fusion proteins are detected by Western blot analysis using flag-tag antibodies (Fig. 1b)Citation . Northern blot analysis showed that mRNA levels of TGF-ß RII were decreased in these cell lines compared with the neo-expressing NIH-3T3 cells (Fig. 1a)Citation . However, TGF-ß RII expression was not completely suppressed in these cells. Because we did not select an individual clone but rather a pool of G418-resistant clones, we cannot exclude the possibility that, although some of the clones may have become resistant to neomycin, they did not express the EWS-ETS fusion proteins. This may have resulted in the relatively low degree of suppression of endogenous TGF-ß RII mRNA. The EWS-ERG mRNA level in the EWS-ERG-expressing cells was much greater than that of EWS-FLI1 in EWS-FLI1-expressing cells, yet the TGF-ß RII mRNA level was lower in the EWS-FLI1 expressing cells than in those expressing EWS-ERG. Also, EWS-ERG mRNA levels were much higher than the EWS-ETV1 mRNA level in the EWS-ETV1-expressing cells, whereas TGF-ß RII mRNA levels were slightly lower in the EWS-ETV1-expressing cells than in the EWS-ERG-expressing cells. This suggests that EWS-FLI1 and EWS-ETV1 have a greater effect on transcriptional repression of the TGF-ß RII gene than EWS-ERG. On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-ß RII protein expression in EWS-ERG gene fusion-positive primary Ewing sarcoma samples demonstrated virtually no protein expression (data not shown) as previously found for EWS-FLI1 (26) , which indicated that EWS-ERG is able to have a similar biological effect on TGF-ß RII protein expression as EWS-FLI1. Moreover, receptor cross-linking assays further demonstrated that cell lines expressing the various fusion genes express significantly lower TGF-ß RII protein levels compared with those of the control (Fig. 1c)Citation .



View larger version (32K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. Expression of TGF-ß RII mRNA in NIH-3T3 expressing EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, and EWS-ETV1. a, Northern blot analysis of TGF-ß RII mRNA in the EWS-FLI1-, EWS-ERG-, EWS-ETV1-, and TK-neo-NIH-3T3 cell lines. Total RNA was isolated from these cell lines and analyzed by Northern analysis using 32P-labeled TGF-ß RII and EWS probes. b, the immunoblot analysis of EWS-fusion proteins. Cell extracts were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunoblotting with antiflag antibody. *, the EWS-fusion protein. c, receptor protein cross-linking assay using iodinated TGF-ß1. Receptor-ligand binding was performed with 100 pM 125I-labeled TGF-ß1 in the presence (Lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) or absence (Lanes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) of 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled TGF-ß1. Bound proteins were cross-linked using 300 µM disuccinimidyl suberate, solubilized, and separated with gel electrophoresis.

 
To investigate whether reduced expression of TGF-ß RII receptor results in reduced TGF-ß responsiveness, a reporter construct, SBE4-luciferase, which contains multiple TGF-ß responsive elements was transiently transfected into EWS-FLI1-, EWS-ERG-, and EWS-ETV1-expressing cells and control cells. Exogenous TGF-ß induced luciferase activity greater than 12-fold in neo-expressing NIH-3T3 cells, whereas the induction levels in fusion gene-expressing cells were much lower than those of the control cells (Fig. 2)Citation . Although the mRNA level of TGF-ß RII was much lower in the EWS-FLI1-expressing cells than in the EWS-ERG or EWS-ETV1-expressing cells, the fold induction of the EWS-FLI1-expressing cells was much greater than that of the EWS-ERG- and EWS-ETV1-expressing cells, which suggested that EWS-ERG and EWS-ETV1 might also regulate other components of the TGF-ß signaling pathway in addition to TGF-ß RII transcription.



View larger version (13K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. NIH-3T3 cells expressing EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1 gene fusion are less sensitive to TGF-ß. NIH-3T3 cells expressing the EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG, or EWS-ETV1 gene fusion were transfected with a TGF-ß responsive element linked to the luciferase gene (SBE4-lux), and then cells were incubated in the presence ({blacksquare}) or absence ({square}) of TGF-ß (5 ng/ml). The neo-expressing NIH-3T3 cells were used as controls. The data shown are means of triplicate measurements from one representative transfection. The experiment was repeated at least three times with different plasmid preparations with comparable results.

 
When ERG, ETV1, or FLI1 are fused to EWS, their NH2-terminal portions (which each contain a transactivational domain) are lost and their COOH-terminal portions (which contain the ets DNA binding domain) become fused to NH2-terminal EWS. We, therefore, generated expression constructs containing the portions of ERG, ETV1, and FLI1 present in EWS-ERG, EWS-ETV1, or EWS-FLI1, respectively. To analyze the ability of EWS-ERG, ERG, dnERG, EWS-FLI1, FLI1, dnFLI1, EWS-ETV1, ETV1, and dnETV1 to regulate the TGF-ß RII promoter, NIH-3T3 cells or HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells were cotransfected with a TGF-ß RII promoter-luciferase construct and an expression vector for these genes. We have previously shown (26) that FLI1 induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity; however, EWS-FLI1 reduced not only TGF-ß RII basal promoter activity but also FLI1-induced promoter activity. In Fig. 3Citation , we confirmed these previous findings. The dnFLI1, which contains only the FLI1 portion of EWS-FLI1, slightly induced basal promoter activity but suppressed FLI1-induced promoter activity (Fig. 3a)Citation . Interestingly, contrary to EWS-FLI1, EWS-ERG induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity but to a much lesser extent than ERG alone did (Fig. 3b)Citation . The dnERG, which only contains the ERG portion of EWS-ERG, only slightly induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity. EWS-ERG or dnERG suppressed ERG-induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the ERG domain found in EWS-ERG with the FLI1 domain of EWS-FLI1 showed an 85% sequence homology. However, the FLI1 domain contained an extra 36 amino acids at the NH2 terminus. It would be of interest to evaluate whether these extra amino acids contributed to the suppressive activity of TGF-ß RII transcription. We also examined the effect of EWS-ETV1 on TGF-ß RII promoter activity. ETV1 induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity 2.7-fold, whereas EWS-ETV1 reduced TGF-ß RII basal promoter activity and ETV1-induced promoter activity (Fig. 3c)Citation . The dnETV1 also suppressed ETV1-induced promoter activity. The different results obtained from ERG, ETV1, and FLI1 suggest different effects on regulation of TGF-ß RII gene expression.



View larger version (30K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. Regulation of the TGF-ß RII promoter by EWS-FLI1, FLI1, dnFLI1, EWS-ERG, ERG, dnERG, EWS-ETV1, ETV1, and dnETV1. Left, a schematic representation of the constructs used. Regulation of activity of the PRE2 of TGF-ß RII promoter by EWS-FLI1 (a), EWS-ERG (b), or EWS-ETV1 (c). The TGF-ß RII promoter construct was cotransfected with either a control vector or vectors described in the left panel into either NIH-3T3 or HepG2 cells, which were then harvested after 36 h and assayed for luciferase activity. Data shown are means of triplicate measurements from one representative transfection. The experiment was repeated at least three times with different plasmid preparations, with comparable results.

 
In Ewing sarcoma, gene fusions with EWS involve only one allele of each ets partner gene. Therefore, Ewing sarcoma cells would theoretically still have the capacity to express the other allele of the wild-type ets gene (as well as other ets transcription factors). With this in mind, we examined whether the suppression by EWS-Ets fusion proteins is specific to the ETS component or whether there is broad cross-reactivity for other Ets binding sites. Our results show that each EWS fusion gene can suppress FLI1-, ERG-, and ETV1-induced TGF-ß RII promoter activity (Fig. 4)Citation . These findings suggest a more general ability of EWS-Ets fusion proteins to suppress wild-type Ets protein activity.

In summary, EWS-ETV1 and EWS-ERG, like EWS-FLI1, suppress TGF-ß RII transcription. Because FLI1, ETV1, and ERG each induce TGF-ß RII promoter activity, it is likely that these fusion gene products may act in a dominant negative form. The FLI1 domain (dnFLI1) in EWS-FLI1 induces TGF-ß RII basal promoter activity 2.5-fold, whereas EWS-FLI1 suppresses basal promoter activity. This result suggests that the EWS domain in EWS-FLI1 may confer suppressive activity. However, in the case of EWS-ERG, dnERG slightly induced TGF-ß RII basal promoter activity, whereas EWS-ERG induced TGF-ß RII basal promoter activity to a much greater extent. This result suggests that the three-dimensional structures of these fusion products may also contribute to the regulation of gene expression.

Despite the recognition that virtually all of the Ewing family tumors express EWS-ETS gene fusions encoding chimeric oncoproteins, few physiological target genes of these aberrant transcription factors have been identified (31 , 32) . Recently, we have demonstrated that transcriptional repression of TGF-ß RII is a major target of the EWS-FLI1 oncogene. The fact that other EWS fusion genes, such as EWS-ERG and EWS-ETV1, also repress TGF-ß RII expression suggests that inactivation of the TGF-ß RII may be an important step in Ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Drs. D. Watson (Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC) and S.J. Baker (St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN) for FLI1 and EWS-FLI1 expression vectors, S. E. Kern (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD) for SBE4-Luc, and A.B. Roberts for helpful discussion and critical review of the manuscript.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Building 41, Room B1106, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: (301) 496-8350; Fax: (301) 496-8395; E-mail: kims{at}dce41.nci.nih.gov Back

2 The abbreviations used are: TGF-ß, transforming growth factor ß; TGF-ß RII, TGF-ß type II receptor; PRE2, (the) second positive regulatory element. Back

Received 12/ 1/99. Accepted 2/ 2/00.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Roberts, A. B., and Sporn, M. B. The transforming growth factor-ßs. In: A. B. Roberts and M. B. Sporn (eds.), Peptide Growth Factors and Their Receptors. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 419–472, 1990.
  2. Markowitz S. D., Roberts A. B. Tumor suppressor activity of the TGF-ß pathway in human cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 7: 93-102, 1996.[Medline]
  3. Kim D., Kim S-J. Transforming growth factor-ß receptors: role in physiology and disease. J. Biomed. Sci., 3: 143-158, 1996.[Medline]
  4. Park K., Kim S-J., Bang Y-J., Park J-G., Kim N. K., Roberts A. B., Sporn M. B. Genetic changes in the transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) type II receptor gene in human gastric cancer cells: correlation with sensitivity to growth inhibition by TGF-ß. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 8772-8776, 1994.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Lynch M. A., Nakashima R., Song H., DeGroff V. L., Wang D., Enomoto T., Weghorst C. M. Mutational analysis of the transforming growth factor ß receptor type II gene in human ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res., 58: 4227-4232, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Hougaard S., Norgaard P., Abrahamsen N., Moses H. L., Spang-Thomsen M., Skovgaard Poulsen H. Inactivation of the transforming growth factor ß type II receptor in human small cell lung cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer, 79: 1005-1011, 1999.[Medline]
  7. Horie K., Yamashita H., Mogi A., Takenoshita S., Miyazono K. Lack of transforming growth factor-ß type II receptor expression in human retinoblastoma cells. J. Cell. Physiol., 175: 305-313, 1998.[Medline]
  8. Kadin M., Cavaille-Coll M. W., Gertz R., Massagué J., Cheifetz S., George D. Loss of receptors for transforming growth factor ß in human T-cell malignancies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 6002-6006, 1994.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Bae H. W., Geiser A. G., Kim D. H., Chung M. T., Burnmester J. K., Sporn M. B., Roberts A. B., Kim S-J. Characterization of the promoter region of the human transforming growth factor-ß type II receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 29460-29468, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Choi S-G., Yi Y., Kim Y-S., Kato M., Chang J., Chung H-W., Hahm K-B., Yang H-K., Rhee H. H., Bang Y-J., Kim S-J. A novel ets-related transcription factor, ERT/ESX/ESE-1, regulates expression of the transforming growth factor-ß type II receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 110-117, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Chang C-H., Scott G. H., Kuo W-L., Xiong X., Suzsdaltseva Y., Park J. W., Sayre P., Erny K., Collins C., Gray J. W., Benz C. C. ESX: a structurally unique Ets overexpressed early during human breast tumorigenesis. Oncogene, 14: 1617-1622, 1997.[Medline]
  12. Oettgen P., Alani R. M., Barcinski M. A., Brown L., Akbarali Y., Boltax J., Kunsch C., Munger K., Libermann T. A. Isolation and characterization of a novel epithelial specific transcription factor, ESE-1, a member of the ets family. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17: 4419-4433, 1997.[Abstract]
  13. Tymms M. J., Ng A. Y. N., Thomas R. S., Schutte B. C., Zhou J., Eyre H. J., Sutherland G. R., Seth A., Rosenberg M., Papas T., Debouck C., Kola I. A novel epithelial-expressed ETS gene, ELF3: human and murine cDNA sequences, murine genomic organization, human mapping to 1q32.2 and expression in tissues and cancer. Oncogene, 15: 2449-2462, 1997.[Medline]
  14. Andreoli J. M., Jang S-I., Chung E., Coticchia C. M., Steinert P. M., Markova N. G. The expression of a novel, epithelium-specific ets transcription factor is restricted to the most differentiated layers in the epidermis. Nucleic Acids Res., 25: 4287-4295, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Macleod K., Leprince D., Stehelin D. The ets gene family. Trends Biochem. Sci., 17: 251-256, 1992.[Medline]
  16. Rabbitts T. H. Chromosomal translocations in human cancer. Nature (Lond.), 372: 143-149, 1994.[Medline]
  17. Delattre O., Zucman J., Ploustagel B., Desmaze C., Melot T., Peter M., Kovar H., Joubert I., de Jong P., Pouleau G., Aurias A., Thomas G. Gene fusion with an ETS DNA binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human cancers. Nature (Lond.), 359: 162-165, 1992.[Medline]
  18. May W., Gishizky M. L., Lessnick S. L., Lunsford L. B., Lewis B. C., Delattre O., Zucman J., Thomas G., Denny C. T. Ewing sarcoma 11;22 translocation produces a chimeric transcription factor that requires the DNA-binding domain encoded by FLI1 for transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 5752-5756, 1993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Sorensen P. H. B., Lessnick S. L., Lopez-Terrada D., Liu X. F., Triche T. J., Denny C. T. A second Ewing’s sarcoma translocation, t(21;22), fuses the EWS gene to another ETS-family transcription factor, ERG. Nat. Genet., 6: 146-151, 1994.[Medline]
  20. Jeon I-S., Davis J. N., Braun B. S., Sublett J. E., Roussel M. F., Denny C. T., Shapiro D. N. A variant Ewing’s sarcoma translocation (7;22) fuses the EWS gene to the ETS gene ETV1. Oncogene, 10: 1229-1234, 1995.[Medline]
  21. Urano F., Umezawa A., Hong W., Kikuchi H., Hata J. A novel chimera gene between EWS and E1A-F, encoding the adenovirus E1A enhancer-binding protein, in extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 219: 608-612, 1996.[Medline]
  22. Peter M., Couturier J., Pacquement H., Michon J., Thomas G., Henri M., Delattre O. A new member of the ETS family fused to EWS in Ewing tumors. Oncogene, 14: 1159-1164, 1997.[Medline]
  23. May W. A., Arvand A., Thompson A. D., Braun B. S., Wright M., Denny C. T. EWS/FLI-1 induced manic fringe renders NIH-3T3 cells tumorigenic. Nat. Genet., 17: 495-497, 1997.[Medline]
  24. Thompson A. D., Teitell M. A., Arvand A., Denny C. T. Divergent Ewing’s sarcoma EWS/ETS fuions confer a common tumorigenic phenotype on NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene, 18: 5506-5513, 1999.[Medline]
  25. Klemsz M. J., Maki R. A., Papayannopoulou T., Moore J., Hromas R. Characterization of the ets oncogene family member, fli-1. J. Biol. Chem., 268: 5769-5773, 1993.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Hahm K-B., Cho K., Lee C., Im Y-H., Chang J., Choi S-G., Sorensen P. H., Thiele C. J., Kim S-J. Repression of the gene encoding the TGF-ß type II receptor is a major target of the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein. Nat. Genet., 23: 222-227, 1999.[Medline]
  27. Mizushima, S., and Nagata, S. pEF-BOS, a powerful mammalian expression vector. Nucleic Acids Res., 18: 5322.
  28. Lin H., Wang X-F., Ng-Eaton E., Weinberg R., Lodish H. Expression cloning of the TGF-ß type II receptor a functional transmembrane serine/threonine kinase. Cell, 68: 775-785, 1992.[Medline]
  29. Chang J., Park K., Bang Y-J., Kim W. S., Kim D., Kim S-J. Expression of TGF-ß type II receptor reduces tumorigenicity in human gastric cancer cells. Cancer Res., 57: 2856-2859, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Zawel L., Dai J. L., Buckhaults P., Zhou S., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B., Kern S. E. Human Smad3 and Smad4 are sequence-specific transcription activators. Mol. Cell, 1: 611-617, 1998.[Medline]
  31. Thompson A. D., Braun B. S., Arvand A., Stewart S. D., May W. A., Chen E., Korenberg J., Denny C. EAT-2 is a novel SH2 domain containing protein that is up-regulated> by Ewing’s sarcoma EWS/FLI1 fusion gene. Oncogene, 15: 2649-2658, 1996.
  32. Arvand A., Bastians H., Welford S. M., Thompson A. D., Ruderman J. V., Denny C. T. EWS/FLI1 up-regulates mE2-C, a cyclin-selective ubiquitin conjugating enzyme involved in cyclin B destruction. Oncogene, 17: 2039-2045, 1998.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Y. Miyagawa, H. Okita, H. Nakaijima, Y. Horiuchi, B. Sato, T. Taguchi, M. Toyoda, Y. U. Katagiri, J. Fujimoto, J.-i. Hata, et al.
Inducible Expression of Chimeric EWS/ETS Proteins Confers Ewing's Family Tumor-Like Phenotypes to Human Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 2008; 28(7): 2125 - 2137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
X. Gu, L. F. Zerbini, H. H. Otu, M. Bhasin, Q. Yang, M. G. Joseph, F. Grall, T. Onatunde, R. G. Correa, and T. A. Libermann
Reduced PDEF Expression Increases Invasion and Expression of Mesenchymal Genes in Prostate Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 67(9): 4219 - 4226.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
J. E. Pimanda, W.Y. I. Chan, I. J. Donaldson, M. Bowen, A. R. Green, and B. Gottgens
Endoglin expression in the endothelium is regulated by Fli-1, Erg, and Elf-1 acting on the promoter and a -8-kb enhancer
Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4737 - 4745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
A. Takahashi, F. Higashino, M. Aoyagi, K. Yoshida, M. Itoh, S. Kyo, T. Ohno, T. Taira, H. Ariga, K. Nakajima, et al.
EWS/ETS Fusions Activate Telomerase in Ewing's Tumors
Cancer Res., December 1, 2003; 63(23): 8338 - 8344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Matsui, H. A. Chansky, F. Barahmand-Pour, A. Zielinska-Kwiatkowska, N. Tsumaki, A. Myoui, H. Yoshikawa, L. Yang, and D. R. Eyre
COL11A2 Collagen Gene Transcription Is Differentially Regulated by EWS/ERG Sarcoma Fusion Protein and Wild-type ERG
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 11369 - 11375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Pathol.Home page
S A Burchill
Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities
J. Clin. Pathol., February 1, 2003; 56(2): 96 - 102.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JBJSHome page
C. P. Gibbs Jr., K. Weber, and M. T. Scarborough
Malignant Bone Tumors
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., November 1, 2001; 83(11): 1728 - 1745.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 INT J SURG PATHOLHome page
E. de Alava and J. Pardo
Ewing Tumor: Tumor Biology and Clinical Applications
International Journal of Surgical Pathology, January 1, 2001; 9(1): 7 - 17.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Jakubowiak, C. Pouponnot, F. Berguido, R. Frank, S. Mao, J. Massague, and S. D. Nimer
Inhibition of the Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 Signaling Pathway by the AML1/ETO Leukemia-associated Fusion Protein
J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2000; 275(51): 40282 - 40287.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Im, Y.-H.
Right arrow Articles by Kim, S.-J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Im, Y.-H.
Right arrow Articles by Kim, S.-J.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online