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Advances in Brief |
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute [E. B. C-W., B. V.] and The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center [D. N. W., A. N., K. W. K., B. S. C.], Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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ABSTRACT |
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Introduction |
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To further understand human tumor angiogenesis, we recently conducted an unbiased gene expression analysis of endothelial cells isolated from normal human colonic tissue or from human colorectal cancers (6) . This analysis identified 46 transcripts, named TEMs,3 which were significantly up-regulated in tumor compared with normal endothelium. The majority of these genes had not been characterized previously. Expression of several of these TEMs in tumor endothelium was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization. TEMs localized on the cell surface and conserved across species are of particular interest for future therapeutic approaches for two reasons: (a) cell surface targets are directly accessible via the bloodstream, facilitating detection as well as intervention with both small molecules and macromolecular compounds; and (b) conservation of such cell surface proteins allows the establishment of model systems that are required for preclinical development and testing. In this regard, rodent tumor models are the gold standard, but the extent of overlap between tumor angiogenesis in rodents and humans is unclear.
With these principles in mind, we set out to identify a series of cell surface TEMs that were structurally and functionally conserved in mouse and human tumor endothelium. To find such genes, we expanded the sequence of the most differentially expressed novel TEMs and used hydrophobicity plots to predict cell surface localization. We then identified and determined the sequence of the mouse counterparts of these genes and used in situ hybridization to examine mRNA expression patterns in murine tumors, embryos, and adult tissues. These studies identified three cell surface TEMs that had similar properties in both species and provide new evidence that angiogenesis in tumors is similar to normal developmental angiogenesis.
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Materials and Methods |
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TopABSTRACTIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionREFERENCES |
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Identification of Mouse TEMs.
Mouse ESTs homologous to human TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, and TEM8 were identified using BLASTn and tBLASTn searches. Extensive 5' and 3' RACE analysis was performed using the Marathon cDNA Amplification kit (Clontech) to identify the complete sequences. RACE was performed using mouse specific internal primers and Marathon-Ready cDNA prepared from a xenografted human lung cancer (Clontech).
Bioinformatics.
Amino acid alignments were performed using the ClustalW program (7)
. Hydrophobicity plots were created using DAS software (8)
. Signal peptides were determined using the SignalP program (9)
. Domain structures were found using SMART software (10)
and Pfam software (11)
. Signaling sites were predicted using Scansite software (12)
.
In Situ Hybridization.
DIG-labeled antisense RNA probes were generated by PCR amplification of 500–600-bp products incorporating T7 promoters into the antisense primers. In vitro transcription was performed with DIG RNA labeling reagents and T7 RNA polymerase according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Roche, Indianapolis, IN). Tumors and normal tissues were dissected, embedded in OCT, frozen in a dry ice-methanol bath, and cryosectioned at 7 µm. Embryos were prefixed in buffered 4% paraformaldehyde, infused with 20% sucrose overnight, rinsed in PBS, embedded in OCT, and cryosectioned. All sections were immediately fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with pepsin, blocked with ISH solution (Dako, Carpinteria, CA), and incubated with RNA probes (100 ng/ml) overnight at 55°C. After washing twice in 2x SSC and then once in TNE buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 500 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA], sections were incubated at 37°C with RNase mixture (Ambion, Austin, TX) diluted 1:35 in TNE. Slides were stringently washed twice in 2x SSC/50% deionized formamide (American Bioanalytical, Natick, MA) and then once with 0.1x SSC at 55°C. Before immunodetection, tissues were treated with peroxidase blocking reagent (DAKO) and blocked with 1% blocking reagent (Roche; DIG Nucleic Acid Detection kit) containing purified, nonspecific rabbit immunoglobulins (DAKO). For signal amplification, a horseradish peroxidase-rabbit anti-DIG antibody (DAKO) was used to catalyze the deposition of Biotin-Tyramide (GenPoint kit; DAKO). Further amplification was achieved by adding horseradish peroxidase-rabbit anti-biotin (DAKO), biotin tyramide, and then alkaline phosphatase rabbit anti-biotin (DAKO). Signal was detected with the alkaline phosphatase substrate Fast Red TR/Napthol AS-MX (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). All sections were exposed for 10 min. Cells were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with Crystal/Mount (Biomeda, Foster City, CA).
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Results |
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TopABSTRACTIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionREFERENCES |
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and Table 1
). Additionally, the presence of the signal peptides confirmed that we had identified the complete open reading frames of these genes. Each of these four TEMs was unique with respect to each other and to other proteins in the databases.
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. The majority (685 amino acids) of the sequence was predicted to be extracellular, with only a short COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail. A homology search revealed that the extracellular region of TEM1 has three EGF-like domains, as well as a C-lectin-like carbohydrate recognition domain with similarity to thrombomodulin (Fig. 1)
. In addition, amino acids 164–230 bear weak homology to a Sushi/SCR/CCP domain.
TEM5 is predicted to encode a seven-pass transmembrane protein of 1331 amino acids (Table 1)
. The hydrophobic domains lie within a 300-amino acid region that shares homology with seven-pass transmembrane proteins of the secretin family (class II) of GPCRs (13)
, suggesting that TEM5 also may be a GPCR. In the NH2-terminal extracellular region, TEM5 contains four simple LRRs, one LRR of the COOH-terminal type, one immunoglobulin-type domain, and a hormone-receptor domain (Fig. 1)
. The 300-amino acid region containing the LRRs shares homology with the membrane glycoprotein, known as LIG-1 (14)
, and the secreted SLIT proteins (15)
. In the extracellular region immediately adjacent to the first transmembrane domain, TEM5 contains a putative GPCR proteolysis site (16)
domain typical of class II family members and required for endogenous proteolysis (Ref. 17
; Fig. 1
). Within its seven-pass transmembrane region, TEM5 is most similar to the cadherin-related Celsr1 proteins (18, 19, 20)
and members of the calcium-independent 
-latrotoxin receptor family (21)
. Taken together, these data suggest that TEM5 is likely to be a novel member of the GPCR superfamily involved in transmitting signals across the cell membrane, although its function as a G-protein coupled receptor remains to be proven.
Similar to TEM1, TEM7 was found to encode a type I transmembrane protein with a large extracellular domain, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1
and Table 1
). The extracellular region of TEM7 contains a plexin-like domain and has weak homology to the ECM protein nidogen. The function of these domains, which are usually found in secreted and extracellular matrix molecules, is unknown. Interestingly, during the course of performing 5' RACE to extend the sequence identified previously by the TEM3 SAGE tag, we obtained sequences of the gene we had identified previously as TEM7. Further investigation revealed that TEM3 and TEM7 represent alternative transcripts of the same gene, with the differences simply attributable to the use of alternative polyadenylation sites. Because the predicted open reading frame of the two transcripts was the identical 500-amino acid protein, we refer to the gene product of both as TEM7.
Finally, completion of the TEM8 sequence also revealed a type I transmembrane protein (Fig. 1
and Table 1
), 564 amino acids in length. The 220-amino acid cytoplasmic tail of TEM8 is much larger than that of the other cell surface TEMs. In the extracellular region, TEM8 was found to contain a vWF A domain containing a metal ion-dependent adhesion motif (MIDAS; Refs. 22
and 23
). The vWF A domain is also known as an I-domain when present in integrins (24)
. The TEM8 domain is most similar to that of D integrin, which has been shown to interact with vascular cell adhesion molecule via its I-domain during leukocyte trafficking (25)
.
Identification of Mouse TEMs.
We next searched for the mouse orthologues of the human cell surface TEMs. In all four cases, it was possible to identify highly related mouse ESTs in extant databases and, as with the human TEMs, a combination of in silico cDNA walking, and both 3' and 5' RACE were used to derive sequences covering the entire coding region (Table 1)
. All four mouse TEMs (mTEM1, mTEM5, mTEM7, and mTEM8) shared the same domain structures as their human counterparts. The hydrophobicity plots were also similar to those observed for the human genes, with putative signal peptides at the start and transmembrane domains present in the same relative positions (data not shown). Although TEM1 was the least similar overall, both the NH2-terminal C-lectin like domain of the extracellular region as well as its COOH-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail were >90% identical. A highly conserved rat EST (GenBank accession number BF388781) was also found to extend across the COOH-terminal region and revealed that the last 20 amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail are 100% identical in mouse, human, and rat. Although the function of the COOH terminus is unknown, it includes a consensus sequence for binding of some PDZ domains (26)
. TEM5 was most homologous through its LRR repeats and transmembrane domains, suggesting that these regions might play a conserved functional role. TEM8 was the most highly conserved overall, sharing 96% amino acid identity between mouse and human (Table 2)
. The high degree of identity between the mouse and human TEMs and their functional conservation in tumor angiogenesis (described below) suggest that they are likely to be orthologues.
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. Interestingly, all four sequences (TEM7, mTEM7, TEM7R, and mTEM7R) shared significant homology over 270 amino acids of their putative extracellular domains, although the most NH2-terminal regions were divergent (data not shown). The plexin-like domains lie within the conserved NH2-terminal region. The cytoplasmic tail is also conserved but is unrelated to other known proteins. Importantly, TEM7R and mTEM7R both contain putative signal peptides and transmembrane regions in the same relative positions as TEM7.
TEMs in Tumor Angiogenesis.
To confirm the mRNA localization of the full-length cell surface TEMs in tumor endothelium and to explore the expression of TEM7R, we modified our nonradioactive in situ hybridization technique to achieve increased sensitivity (see "Materials and Methods" for details). Acquisition of the complete sequences for TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, TEM7R, and TEM8 allowed us to compare multiple RNA probes, further improving the sensitivity of the in situ hybridization protocol. As controls, various endothelial cell markers, such as vWF, CD31 (PECAM), VE-cadherin, P1H12, and VEGFR2, were used. Classic endothelial cell markers such as vWF, CD31 and VE-cadherin were detected predominantly in the larger vessels. Although P1H12 detected many microcapillaries, VEGFR2 was the best pan endothelial marker and appeared to detect most microvessels in addition to the larger vessels. Thus, we chose to use VEGFR2 as our positive control.
The in situ hybridization analysis of human colorectal cancer demonstrated that all four cell surface TEMs and TEM7R were expressed clearly in the endothelial cells of the tumor stroma but not in the endothelial cells of normal colonic tissue (Fig. 2)
. Interestingly, all TEMs demonstrated local regions of intense staining throughout the stromal compartment. The microcapillaries were likely to account for much of the staining, because vascular casting techniques have demonstrated the presence of a virtually continuous layer of anastomatizing vessels throughout the lamina propria in advanced colorectal cancers (27)
. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that other stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts) also expressed these TEMs, although staining was not observed in normal colonic mucosa (Fig. 2)
.
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and Table 2
, mTEM1, mTEM5, and mTEM8 were abundantly expressed in vessels infiltrating both B16 and HCT116 tumors. Unexpectedly, we were unable to detect significant levels of mTEM7 in vessels of either tumor type, despite the fact that its human counterpart, TEM7, was abundantly expressed in human tumor endothelial cells when assessed with the same in situ hybridization methods (Fig. 2
and data not shown). Importantly, the lack of mTEM7 signal in tumor vessels was unlikely to be attributable to technical problems, because other cell types were clearly positive (see below). In contrast to mTEM7, expression of mTEM7R was readily detectable in tumor endothelium (data not shown).
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. In sharp contrast, mTEM1, mTEM5, and mTEM8 were either undetectable, as in kidney and liver (Figs. 4
and 5
), or were only detected in a small proportion of the vessels, as in the heart (Fig. 4)
. These rare TEM-expressing vessels may represent a low but significant level of ongoing angiogenesis in the adult, because 3- and 9-month-old mice both showed the same pattern. Although negative in situ hybridization results should be interpreted with caution, tumors were always included as a positive control in these experiments and always demonstrated strong staining for mTEM1, mTEM5, and mTEM8.
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. Thus, in mice neither mTEM7 nor mTEM7R expression patterns accurately recapitulated that of TEM7 in humans.
Expression of TEMs during Development.
Previous analyses of human TEMs have suggested that tumor angiogenesis shares some features with normal neoangiogenic processes, such as those found in wound healing and the corpus luteum (6)
. To determine whether TEMs were also up-regulated in endothelium during normal development, in situ hybridizations were performed on developing mouse embryos. At E15.5, mTEM1, mTEM5, and mTEM8 were all abundantly expressed in endothelial cells of the liver. In contrast, in the adult liver, expression of these three mTEMs was undetectable (Fig. 5)
. Similarly, mTEM expression was high in the endothelium of embryonic brain tissue, whereas staining in the corresponding adult tissue was weak or absent (Table 2
and data not shown). Thus, the murine TEMs were expressed in various neoangiogenic states, whether normal or pathological.
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Discussion |
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Here we report the complete coding sequences of four abundant and differentially expressed TEMs predicted to contain hydrophobic transmembrane domains. The mouse TEM counterparts we identified show a high level of identity with their respective human TEMs, ranging from 77 to 96%. These similarities and conserved expression patterns suggest that we have cloned the mouse orthologues of human TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, TEM7R, and TEM8. Currently, each of the cell surface TEMs has unique features that make it attractive for further investigation.
TEM1 was the most differentially expressed TEM identified previously in our original SAGE analysis (6) . The recent purification of endosialin, a glycoprotein recognized by the FB5 antibody, revealed an amino acid sequence identical to TEM1 (31) . Immunostaining with FB5 was specific for tumor microvessels, because a panel of normal tissues was negative for TEM1/endosialin immunoreactivity (32) . Thus, TEM1/endosialin appears to be differentially expressed at both the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, Rettig et al. (32) reported that radiolabeled FB5 was rapidly internalized into TEM1/endosialin expressing endothelial cells. If this is the case, it may be possible to deliver compounds to TEM1/endosialin-expressing cells for selective uptake.
TEM5 appears to be a member of the class II GPCR family. GPCRs have a history of being excellent drug targets because their natural ligands can often be mimicked for agonistic or antagonistic purposes (33) . Other class II GPCRs bind peptide ligands, such as secretin, calcitonin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, and activate adenylyl cyclase and inositol phosphate signaling cascades (34 , 35) . These findings tentatively suggest that TEM5 may also transmit signals into the cell, but the signaling partners of TEM5 remain to be determined.
In the current study, we found that the human TEM7 gene encodes two transcripts that differed only in the length of their 3' untranslated region. The murine and human TEM7 proteins are over 80% conserved, but despite these similarities, transcripts of mTEM7 were not detectable by in situ hybridization in mouse tumors (Table 2
and data not shown). There are several possible explanations for this. mTEM7, through the course of evolution, could have acquired different functions than human TEM7. Support for this possibility comes from the specific expression of mTEM7 in Purkinje cells of the mouse brain. Alternatively, there may exist an as yet unidentified mouse counterpart with greater homology than mTEM7 or mTEM7R. Although we cannot formally rule out this possibility, it seems unlikely because we were unable to identify more highly related homologues in EST or mouse genomic databases. The lack of expression of mTEM7 in mouse tumor vessels highlights potentially important differences between mouse and human tumor angiogenesis.
TEM8 is the most highly conserved cell surface TEM, with 96% amino acid identity between the human and mouse proteins. The large cytoplasmic tail of both the human and mouse TEM8 proteins share at least seven potential phosphorylation sites, supporting the hypothesis that TEM8 is involved in transmitting signals into the cell. The expression pattern of TEM8 was especially intriguing in that it is the only human TEM characterized thus far that shows no detectable mRNA expression in either the corpus luteum or healing wounds, suggesting that this gene may be highly specific to tumor angiogenesis and not required for "normal" adult angiogenesis (6) . From a clinical point of view, this could be important in designing gene-targeting strategies with the fewest cross-reactivities.
The fact that mTEM1, mTEM5, and mTEM8 were present in the vasculature of developing embryos as well as in the vessels of transplanted syngeneic and human tumors is consistent with the idea that they are markers of neoangiogenesis and not limited to tumor angiogenesis. The data further support the hypothesis that tumor endothelium exploits many of the same genes used by normal developing endothelium.
Our detailed comparison of TEM expression in human and rodent angiogenesis is provocative in that it demonstrates that three of the four cell surface TEMs identified in humans are also expressed in mouse tumors. The uniqueness of these TEMs was emphasized by comparison with VEGFR2, believed to be one of the most specific markers for tumor angiogenesis available. We found that VEGFR2 transcripts were expressed in the endothelium of all normal adult tissues studied, whereas expression of the cell surface TEMs was largely restricted to the vasculature of tumors in adult animals. The high degree of sequence conservation of these TEMs, in combination with their restricted expression patterns, suggests that they may be critical regulators of angiogenesis. Continued investigation of all four cell surface TEMs should foster better understanding of the mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and encourage rational design of interventional strategies.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Supported by the Miracle Foundation and NIH Grants CA57345, CA62924, and Training Grant 5 T32 GM07309. D. N. W. is a C. J. Martin Fellow of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. A. N. is a student in the Medical Scientist Training Program and the Program in Human Genetics. B. S. C. is a research Fellow of the National Cancer Institute of Canada supported with funds provided from the Terry Fox Run. K. W. K. received research funding from Genzyme Molecular Oncology (Genzyme). Under a licensing agreement between the Johns Hopkins University and Genzyme, the SAGE technology was licensed to Genzyme for commercial purposes, and B. V. and K. W. K. are entitled to a share of royalty received by the university from the sales of the licensed technology. The SAGE technology is freely available to academia for research purposes. B. S. C., B. V., and K. W. K. are consultants to Genzyme. The university and researchers (B. V. and K. W. K.) own Genzyme stock, which is subject to certain restrictions under university policy. The terms of these arrangements are being managed by the university in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. 
2 To whom requests for reprints should addressed, at The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 588, Baltimore, MD 21231. Fax: (410) 955-0548; E-mail: kinzlke{at}jhmi.edu (K. W. K.) or stcroix{at}jhmi.edu (B. S. C.).
3 The abbreviations used are: TEM, tumor endothelial marker; RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends; EST, expressed sequence tag; DIG, digoxigenin; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; vWF, von Willebrand factor; SAGE, serial analysis of gene expression.
Received 5/18/01. Accepted 8/ 1/01.
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A. Nanda, P. Buckhaults, S. Seaman, N. Agrawal, P. Boutin, S. Shankara, M. Nacht, B. Teicher, J. Stampfl, S. Singh, et al. Identification of a Binding Partner for the Endothelial Cell Surface Proteins TEM7 and TEM7R Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 64(23): 8507 - 8511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Hida, Y. Hida, D. N. Amin, A. F. Flint, D. Panigrahy, C. C. Morton, and M. Klagsbrun Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells with Cytogenetic Abnormalities Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 64(22): 8249 - 8255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Liu, C. Dickinson, J. Shobe, F. Donate, W. Ruf, and T. Edgington A hybrid fibronectin motif protein as an integrin targeting selective tumor vascular thrombogen Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2004; 3(7): 793 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Lacy, D. J. Wigelsworth, H. M. Scobie, J. A. T. Young, and R. J. Collier Crystal structure of the von Willebrand factor A domain of human capillary morphogenesis protein 2: An anthrax toxin receptor PNAS, April 27, 2004; 101(17): 6367 - 6372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Cui, Y.-C. Liao, and S. H. Lo Epidermal Growth Factor Modulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation of a Novel Tensin Family Member, Tensin3 Mol. Cancer Res., April 1, 2004; 2(4): 225 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Walter-Yohrling, S. Morgenbesser, C. Rouleau, R. Bagley, M. Callahan, W. Weber, and B. A. Teicher Murine Endothelial Cell Lines as Models of Tumor Endothelial Cells Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 10(6): 2179 - 2189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Nanda, E. B. Carson-Walter, S. Seaman, T. D. Barber, J. Stampfl, S. Singh, B. Vogelstein, K. W. Kinzler, and B. St. Croix TEM8 Interacts with the Cleaved C5 Domain of Collagen {alpha}3(VI) Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 64(3): 817 - 820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Lapointe, C. Li, J. P. Higgins, M. van de Rijn, E. Bair, K. Montgomery, M. Ferrari, L. Egevad, W. Rayford, U. Bergerheim, et al. Gene expression profiling identifies clinically relevant subtypes of prostate cancer PNAS, January 20, 2004; 101(3): 811 - 816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. E. Thorpe Vascular Targeting Agents as Cancer Therapeutics Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2004; 10(2): 415 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. J. Favre, M. Mancuso, K. Maas, J. W. McLean, P. Baluk, and D. M. McDonald Expression of genes involved in vascular development and angiogenesis in endothelial cells of adult lung Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H1917 - H1938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Shen, L. Guo, A. Wallace, J. Fitzner, J. Eisenman, E. Jacobson, and R. S. Johnson Isolation and Isotope Labeling of Cysteine- and Methionine-containing Tryptic Peptides: Application to the Study of Cell Surface Proteolysis Mol. Cell. Proteomics, May 1, 2003; 2(5): 315 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Scobie, G. J. A. Rainey, K. A. Bradley, and J. A. T. Young Human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor PNAS, April 29, 2003; 100(9): 5170 - 5174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Liu and S. H. Leppla Cell Surface Tumor Endothelium Marker 8 Cytoplasmic Tail-independent Anthrax Toxin Binding, Proteolytic Processing, Oligomer Formation, and Internalization J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 2003; 278(7): 5227 - 5234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kawakatsu, K. Shimizu, T. Honda, T. Fukuhara, T. Hoshino, and Y. Takai trans-Interactions of Nectins Induce Formation of Filopodia and Lamellipodia through the Respective Activation of Cdc42 and Rac Small G Proteins J. Biol. Chem., December 20, 2002; 277(52): 50749 - 50755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. N. Johnstone, L. M. Chang, and M. Ernst AACR Special Meeting in Cancer Research: Colon Cancer--Genetics to Prevention Cancer Res., November 15, 2002; 62(22): 6779 - 6783. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. J. Conti Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Regulation in the Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis Model and Use in Antiangiogenesis Cancer Therapy Oncologist, August 1, 2002; 7(90003): 4 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. J. Bernardi, C. S. Johnson, R. A. Modzelewski, and D. L. Trump Antiproliferative Effects of 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Vitamin D Analogs on Tumor-Derived Endothelial Cells Endocrinology, July 1, 2002; 143(7): 2508 - 2514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Porkka, P. Laakkonen, J. A. Hoffman, M. Bernasconi, and E. Ruoslahti A fragment of the HMGN2 protein homes to the nuclei of tumor cells and tumor endothelial cells in vivo PNAS, May 28, 2002; 99(11): 7444 - 7449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Rosenbaum Sugar Creates a Sticky Business: Round Up the Usual Suspects Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2002; 160(5): 1547 - 1550. [Full Text] [PDF]
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