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Endocrinology |
Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ [M. D., C. H-W., I. B., J. S., M. H., G. G., N. S., I. S.]; Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH4 2XU [M. D.]; and Mayday University Hospital, Surrey CR7 7YE [S. E.], United Kingdom
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The effect on proliferation (Ki67) of hormone therapy was assessed at 2 weeks and/or 12 weeks in biopsies from 115 primary breast cancers with ER-positive tumors. The patients took part in one of 3 neoadjuvant trials of hormonal therapy with a SERM (tamoxifen or idoxifene) or an aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole or vorozole). HER-2 status was assessed by immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Fifteen patients were defined as HER-2 positive by both immunohistochemistry and FISH, with the remaining 100 patients HER-2 negative. Geometric mean Ki67 levels were substantially higher in HER-2-positive than HER-2-negative tumors (27.7% versus 11.5%, respectively; P = 0.003). In HER-2-negative patients, Ki67 was reduced by 62 and 71% at 2 and 12 weeks, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both), but HER-2-positive patients showed no significant fall. The proportional change in Ki67 was significantly different between HER-2-positive and -negative patients (P = 0.014 at 2 weeks; P = 0.047 at 12 weeks). Mean ER levels were lower in the HER-2-positive patients (P = 0.06) but the change in Ki67 was impeded even in those with high ER. Apoptotic index was reduced by 30% at 2 weeks in the HER-2-negative group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in apoptotic index between the groups. It is concluded that ER-positive/HER-2-positive primary breast carcinomas show an impeded antiproliferative response to endocrine therapy that nonetheless may vary between individual treatments. This together with high baseline proliferation is likely to translate to poor clinical response.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Transfection of the HER-2 gene into breast (and other) cancer cells leads to aggressive growth characteristics (such as increased proliferation and growth in soft agar and nude mice models) and to enhanced tumorigenicity and metastatic potential (2 , 3) . These properties can be reversed by monoclonal antibodies directed against HER-2.
The HER-2 gene is amplified in 
20% of human breast cancers. In almost all cases, this amplification is associated with increased protein expression. Patients with such overexpressing/amplified tumors have a poorer prognosis than those with HER-2-negative tumors (4
, 5)
. There is some evidence that HER-2 status is a predictor for response/resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents. Of particular importance, positive HER-2 status defines those patients most likely to respond to the humanized monoclonal antibody to HER-2, trastuzumab (Herceptin; Refs. 6
).
Transfection of the HER-2 gene to achieve amplification in ER-positive human breast cancer cells also results in acquisition of estrogen-independent growth that is resistant to therapy with the antiestrogen tamoxifen (2) . Several studies have reported that HER-2 positivity is associated with resistance to hormonal therapy (7, 8, 9) . Despite being of relatively small size, the results of the GUN Trial (9) have been of particular concern, because these indicated that HER-2 overexpression predicted worse outcome for patients on adjuvant tamoxifen than those untreated. Our own study3 showed a statistically significant adverse interaction between HER-2 positivity and outcome from adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The point estimate was for a worse outcome for those HER-2-positive patients receiving tamoxifen (relative risk, 1.14), but the CIs were wide (0.75–1.73) and the relative risk for ER-positive HER-2-positive patients was 0.80 (0.39–1.64). Thus, although this indicated reduced benefit, and possibly no benefit, for tamoxifen, there was no clear evidence of enhanced disease progression.
There are further reports finding no significant interaction between HER-2 positivity and hormone sensitivity (10 , 11) . In the CALGB 8541 trial, tamoxifen significantly improved disease-free survival and overall survival irrespective of HER-2 status, although the data from this study are complicated by the combined usage with cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/fluorouracil, which itself may have an interaction with HER-2 (10) . Elledge et al. (11) found no evidence for a poorer response of HER-2-positive patients to tamoxifen in 205 patients with advanced disease. They cited the important issue that because there is a negative association between ER and HER-2 status, studies that failed to rigorously exclude ER-negative patients may have overestimated the effects of HER-2 expression on tamoxifen response.
The current study examines the relationship of HER-2 positivity with hormone resistance by assessing the impact of HER-2 status on the antiproliferative effects of presurgical endocrine therapy in 115 patients known to have ER-positive tumors. Patients from three studies involving the SERMs, tamoxifen and idoxifene, and the aromatase inhibitors, anastrozole and vorozole, were pooled to provide sufficient power, given the expected low prevalence of the HER-2-positive/ER-positive phenotype. Positive immunohistochemical HER-2 status was confirmed (or refuted) by FISH to avoid the uncertainties that have been ascribed to the use of immunohistochemistry alone (12) . Importantly, the measurement of changes in proliferation enabled us to assess the effects of therapy that might be undetected by clinical measurements; the latter will classify a tumor that is growing more slowly as the result of treatment as a nonresponder.
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PATIENTS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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2 weeks (see below for range of time for individual trials). The core-cut biopsies were in all cases taken with a 14-gauge needle; the precision of measurements of proliferation and apoptosis when using this size of core-cut has been published earlier by our group (13)
. These precision data on Ki67 were used to power one of the studies (IMPACT), whereas the others were powered informally by comparison with earlier published studies with Ki67 as their primary end point. The details of the individual studies are as follows.
Idoxifene Study.
The principal results (excluding HER-2 status) of this trial have been published elsewhere (14)
. The study was multicenter (12 centers), randomized, and double-blind in postmenopausal women with primary operable breast cancer. Patients received 40 mg/d p.o. idoxifene or placebo for 14 days prior to surgery to a maximum of 21 days. A core-cut biopsy was taken prior to treatment, and a representative sample of the tumor was obtained at surgery. Seventy-seven patients were enrolled. Only the 40 patients in the idoxifene-treated arm were studied. Four of these were withdrawn or excluded from analysis, 3 patients had protocol violations/deviations, and 1 patient had an adverse event necessitating treatment cessation. Of the 36 remaining patients, 30 had ER-positive tumors and were therefore eligible. Two of those had in situ disease, and 1 had insufficient tissue for HER-2 analysis in their pretreatment biopsy, leaving 27 for study. The mean duration of treatment was 16.5 days.
Vorozole-Tamoxifen (VorTam) Study.
The principal results (excluding HER-2 status) of this study are being published elsewhere (15)
. Postmenopausal patients with ER-positive primary breast cancer were recruited from five hospitals and randomized to treatment with vorozole 2.5 mg/day p.o. or tamoxifen 20 mg/day p.o. until surgery. Patients were scheduled for surgery after 12 weeks treatment, although some who were considered unsuitable for surgery continued on therapy thereafter. Treatment was not blinded to the clinician or the patient, but the laboratory was blinded to the randomization until completion of analyses. Patients were assessed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. If there was evidence of progressive disease at 4 or 8 weeks, the patient was to be withdrawn from the study. Core-cut biopsies were taken before and after 2 weeks therapy, and at surgery a representative sample of the excision tumor was obtained. In the situation where surgery was not performed, a core-cut biopsy was taken at 12 weeks. Fifty-three patients were recruited to the study, of whom 26 received vorozole and 27 received tamoxifen. Forty-two of these (22 vorozole and 20 tamoxifen) were assessable for changes in Ki67: 2 withdrew, 1 patient’s samples were lost, and 8 had insufficient tissue in the pretreatment or 2-week sample. One patient on tamoxifen had insufficient tissue left in her pretreatment core-cut for HER-2 assessment, leaving 41 patients for study (21 vorozole and 20 tamoxifen). In these 41, both pretreatment and 3-month samples were available, but 2-week samples were available and suitable for analysis from only 31 women (18 tamoxifen and 13 vorozole).
IMPACT Study.
This study is on-going and is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized comparison of anastrozole 1 mg/day p.o., tamoxifen 20 mg/day p.o., or the combination of anastrozole plus tamoxifen. Treatment was given after diagnosis, and surgery was scheduled to be 12 weeks later. Core-cut biopsies were taken before and after 2 weeks of treatment, and a representative sample was taken from the tumor at surgery. In patients not proceeding to surgery, a further core-cut was taken at 12 weeks. This is a parallel study to the large ATAC (Arimidax, Tamoxifen Alone or Combined) adjuvant trial (16)
. The study initially aimed to recruit 150 patients, having been powered on expected changes in Ki67 at 2 weeks. It has since been increased to 330 patients to provide sufficient power for comparisons of clinical response. All patients had ER-positive primary breast cancer. This study was performed on the first 51 patients with repeat biopsy samples. A total of 47 patients were assessable for HER-2. All patients had a pretreatment and 12-week biopsy, and 43 also had a 2-week biopsy. The randomization code for these patients has not been broken, and response data have not been collated.
Tumor Samples
All core-cut and excision biopsy samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin wax at the local pathology laboratory. In the majority, embedded blocks were sent for processing and analysis to the Royal Marsden Hospital, where histological sections (3-µm thick) were cut onto positively charged slides and dried overnight. In other cases, similar sections were prepared in the local laboratory and then sent to the Royal Marsden Hospital.
Analytical Methods
Analyses of samples from all three trials were performed using the same immunohistochemical methods. Other than the HER-2 methodology, these have been described in detail elsewhere. In brief, measurement of cell proliferation used the MIB1 mouse monoclonal antibody to Ki67 (13)
. At least 1000 cells were scored in a total of 10 high-powered fields, and the results were expressed as the percentage of positive cells. Apoptotic cells were identified using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick end labeling assay as described previously (13)
. The number of apoptotic cells was assessed in a total of 3000 malignant cells and expressed as a percentage as the AI. ER staining was by the Novocastra 6F11 mouse monoclonal antibody, and PgR staining was by the Novocastra 1A6 mouse monoclonal antibody (17)
. ER and PgR expression was assessed semiquantatively by assessing the intensity (scored 0–3) and percentage of cells positive at each intensity in 10 high-powered fields. The two measurements were multiplied and summed to give an H-score varying from 0 to 300. Samples were considered positive for either receptor if the score exceeded 20. For all four of these markers, analyses were conducted on all pretreatment and on-treatment samples. In each case, all samples from the same patient were included in the same assay batch.
All pretreatment samples were assessed for HER-2 by immunohistochemical analysis using the DAKO HercepTest kit with strict adherence to the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples scored as 2+ or 3+ were considered positive. In brief, 5-µm-thick, paraffin-embedded sections were dewaxed and taken to water. Sections were placed in epitope retrieval solution at 95–99°C in a water bath for 40 min. After epitope retrieval, sections were allowed to cool in the solution for 20 min at room temperature before endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with hydrogen peroxide for 5 min. After a brief rinse in wash buffer, sections were incubated in prediluted primary antibody for 45 min, washed in buffer, and then incubated in prediluted visualization reagent for 30 min. After an additional wash in buffer, peroxidase activity was demonstrated with diaminobenzidine for 10 min before counterstaining with Mayer’s hematoxylin and mounted in a resinous mountant.
All immunohistochemically positive HER-2 samples were also assessed using the Vysis PathVysion kit, which incorporates a control probe for chromosome 17 as well as the test probe for the HER-2 gene, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, 4-µm-thick, paraffin-embedded sections were dewaxed, taken to absolute ethanol, and air dried. They were then placed in 0.2 N HCl at room temperature for 20 min, in "pretreatment solution" at 80°C for 30 min, and then underwent a proteolytic digestion at 37°C for 25 min. The sections were then denatured in formamide at 72°C for 5 min before incubation in the PathVysion HER-2/17 probe overnight in the dark at 37°C. The next day, the sections were washed in posthybridization buffer for 2 min at 72°C, air dried in the dark, and then mounted in 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Statistical Analysis
The data from the three trials were pooled to provide a single set of data on hormonally treated patients. Geometric descriptive statistics are given for Ki67 and AI because of the geometric distribution of the data. Arithmetic descriptive statistics are shown for the ER data, which were normally distributed. All comparative statistics were performed using nonparametric tests, Mann-Whitney for between-group comparisons and Wilcoxon for within-group comparisons.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and 2
, respectively, the latter according to HER-2 status. Nineteen patients were HER-2 positive by immunocytochemistry, but in 4 of these the gene was not found to be amplified by a factor of at least 2. Thus, 15 patients (13%) were considered HER-2 positive and 100 HER-2 negative. Mean Ki67 levels were more than twice as high in the HER-2-positive as in the HER-2-negative group (27.7% versus 11.5% positive cells; P = 0.003).
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In the HER-2-negative group, Ki67 levels fell to a mean 38 and 29% of pretreatment levels after 2 and 12 weeks of treatment, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both; Table 3A
). Less marked and statistically insignificant falls occurred in the 15 HER-2-positive patients to 75% at 2 weeks (P = 0.23) and 71% at 12 weeks (P = 0.09). The proportional fall in Ki67 was significantly different between HER-2-positive and -negative groups at both the 2- and 12-week time points (P = 0.014 and 0.047, respectively). After both 2- and 12-week treatments, mean Ki67 levels in the HER-2-positive group remained nearly twice as high as that before treatment in the HER-2-negative group (Fig. 1)
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. Five of the 15 patients showed falls of 50% or greater at 2 weeks, compared with 46 of 86 in the HER-2-negative group (not significant). In 4 patients, there were increases in Ki67 over the first 2 weeks; 1 was on vorozole, 1 was in the IMPACT trial; and 2 were on idoxifene.
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; Fig. 3
). There were highly significant falls in Ki67 at both 2 and 12 weeks for both the PgR-positive and -negative groups. However, the proportional fall was greater for the PgR-positive group, particularly at 12 weeks (80% versus 51% fall; P = 0.0056). After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean Ki67 level in the HER-2-negative PgR-positive group was only 2.1%.
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, with the regression line drawn for the HER-2-negative tumors. The regression line for HER-2-positive tumors was not significantly different, but 12 of the 15 HER-2-positive tumors plotted were above the HER-2-negative regression line. There was a cluster of 6 HER-2-positive tumors with relatively high ER values. The change in Ki67 in these 6 HER-2-positive tumors was compared with the 43 others with ER >200. The proportional reduction in Ki67 was significantly lower in the HER-2-positive tumors than the HER-2-negative tumors in this high ER subgroup (P = 0.02).
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. In the HER-2-negative group, AI levels fell to a mean 77% of pretreatment levels after 2 weeks (P = 0.0005) and recovered to 88% of pretreatment levels by 12 weeks, a value not significantly different from pretreatment. However, the proportional changes in AI at 2 and 12 weeks were not significantly different between the HER-2-negative and -positive groups. |
DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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50% of HER-2-positive tumors are ER positive in contrast to 75% of the whole population.3
In essence, and as noted by Elledge et al. (11)
, much of the reported hormonal insensitivity of HER-2-positive tumors could result from ER negativity rather than HER-positivity per se. That study also showed trends indicating a modestly shorter time to treatment failure for ER-positive, HER-2-positive tumors than ER-positive, HER-2-negative tumors treated with tamoxifen. An additional factor may be that many of the studies of this relationship have been conducted in adjuvant trials (9 , 10) . In these, individual response is impossible to categorize, and large numbers of ER-positive/HER-2-positive patients are required to establish statistically significant differences between groups. To date, no adjuvant trial that has assessed this relationship has had the statistical power to exclude a benefit from tamoxifen in this group. In studies that have been conducted in patients with metastatic disease, the biological measurements of HER-2 status have invariably been conducted on the primary lesion, which has a temporal, topological, and possibly biological dissociation from the metastatic sites in which response is assessed.
Lastly, many different antibodies and staining protocols have been used to characterize HER-2 status of the disease. These are known to give very different results and to relate variably to HER-2 amplification (12) .
In this study, we have attempted to minimize these problems by: (a) selecting an entirely ER-positive group of patients; (b) conducting FISH analysis to confirm any immunocytochemically detected overexpression; and (c) conducting the study in primary disease in which the response can be assessed in the same lesion as the HER-2 measurement. A novel aspect of the study was the assessment of the biological response, i.e., change in proliferation, rather than clinical response of the tumor. A strength of this is that biological changes in the determinants of tumor growth (i.e., proliferation or cell death) may be identifiable that may not be reflected as a clinical response. This principle is illustrated by xenograft studies in which a 50% reduction in Ki67 combined with a doubling of apoptosis can be associated with only stable disease (18) . Thus, these biological end points may be more sensitive of antitumor effects than clinical response. Nonetheless, it is important to note that overall a significant relationship between change in proliferation, as measured by Ki67, after 2 weeks and clinical response has been found in two of our previous (15 , 19) studies, and this has been confirmed recently by an independent group (20) . Additionally, Miller et al. (21) have reported a significant relationship between change in the related proliferation marker KiS1 and clinical response to tamoxifen after 3 months.
Patients from three clinical trials had to be pooled to derive enough ER-positive/HER-2-positive patients for a study with sufficient statistical power. A strength of the study was that each of the individual trials had their pathological assessments conducted by identical techniques in the same laboratory, but because a number of different endocrine therapies were also pooled, the study cannot exclude the possibility that there may be differences between certain endocrine therapies and their interaction with HER-2. Additionally, over half of the patients that were HER-2 positive came from the idoxifene study; thus, the data may reflect interactions with SERMs rather than with estrogen deprivation. SERMs act by competitive binding to ER (
and ß) and lead to conformational changes in it which differ from those elicited by estradiol. The resultant activated receptor is thought to have estrogen agonist or antagonist effects, according to the particular levels of transcriptional coactivators or corepressors in the cell (22)
. In model human breast cancer systems, idoxifene was found to have less agonist activity than tamoxifen, but the clinical significance of this, if any, is not known (23)
.
Anastrozole and vorozole are potent third-generation aromatase inhibitors that lead to near complete estrogen deprivation in postmenopausal women (24) . These compounds differ from SERMs in that their mode of action is simply to reduce levels of ligand to the ER. Some data indicate that ER-dependent transcriptional activity in a HER-2-positive breast cancer cell line can be repressed by estrogen withdrawal but not by tamoxifen (25) , which would suggest that a differential sensitivity to these agents might exist in breast cancer.
It is widely recognized that HER-2-positive tumors generally have a more aggressive phenotype than HER-2-negative tumors as reflected by the patients’ poor prognosis (4 , 5) , and it has been reported previously that proliferation is higher in the HER-2-positive group (26) . The data presented here demonstrated that this extends to the ER-positive subgroup of patients. The finding that those patients whose tumors were PgR positive had a greater reduction in Ki67 than those who had PgR-negative tumors is consistent with the widely recognized finding of a greater likelihood of a clinical response to hormone therapy in patients with PgR-positive cancers (27) . These data provide further support for changes in Ki67 being related to clinical outcome.
As well as changes in proliferation, changes in apoptosis may account for a change in growth rate. Measurement of AI during treatment was therefore also conducted in this study. However, its interpretation in a group of patients treated with different endocrine agents must be cautious because we have reported recently that during the first 2 weeks of treatment, tamoxifen appears marginally to enhance AI, but aromatase inhibitors significantly reduce apoptosis (15) . Overall, there was a significant decrease in AI in the HER-2-negative patients at 2 weeks of 30%. This occurs at the same time as, but is quantitatively less important than, the 62% fall in Ki67. This reduction in AI may result from the movement of HER-2-negative cells out of the cell cycle by hormonal therapy, thus possibly leading to a partial resistance to apoptosis. In contrast to the differential effects on Ki67 in HER-2-positive and -negative tumors, there were no significant differences in AI. Together with previous data linking clinical response with change in proliferation (19 , 20 , 28) , this study is consistent with the view that changes in proliferation are the dominant factor in determining a response to endocrine therapy.
The current data indicate clearly that there is a significantly greater reduction in Ki67 for the HER-2-negative breast cancer patients than the HER-2-positive patients at both 2 weeks and 12 weeks after starting treatment. This greater effect on proliferation indicates strongly that there is a greater likelihood of clinical response in the HER-2-negative group. It is notable that there was a trend to a reduction in Ki67 in the HER-2-positive group, and that 5 of 15 patients showed >50% reduction in proliferation. We have demonstrated previously in a study of the variability of Ki67 in the same tumor that a >50% change in Ki67 in an individual tumor is statistically significant with a CI of 95% (13) . It is particularly notable, however, that the mean Ki67 after 2 and 12 weeks in the HER-2-positive group is between 5 and 10 times that at the same time points in the ER-positive/PgR-positive/HER-2-negative group, and that the levels early in treatment in the HER-2-positive group remain substantially above the mean pretreatment level in the HER-2-negative group. Thus, although there may be a benefit to the patient from a slowing of proliferation in these tumors, it seems likely that this will translate to a measurable clinical response in only a minority of the patients. In 4 patients, there was an increase in Ki67 over the first 2 weeks of treatment. These patients received three different treatments such that there is no possibility of associating this with a possible early flare reaction to a particular agent.
It has been noted previously that in those patients who have ER-positive and HER-2-positive cancers, the mean concentration of ER in the tumor is lower than in those tumors that are HER-2-negative (11) . Thus, it was important to consider the possibility that the poorer biological response to endocrine therapy might be associated with lower ER values rather than the HER-2 positivity per se. This analysis was particularly significant in this study, because we found that the concentration of ER related positively to a reduction in Ki67 levels. Miller et al. (21) have noted previously that clinical response to neoadjuvant tamoxifen is most likely in patients with the highest ER levels, and it has been known for many years that in the advanced disease setting, patients with high levels of ER have a much greater chance of an endocrine response than those with low ER-positive disease (29) . Our data have confirmed that ER levels are lower in HER-2-positive/ER-positive cancers than in HER-2-negative/ER-positive tumors. We were, however, able to establish that in a group of HER-2-positive patients that had high tumor ER levels, the change in Ki67 was also subnormal. Thus, although lower ER levels may explain part of the hormonal resistance in HER-2-positive tumors, HER-2 positivity itself also appears to play a role. It will be important to establish the mechanism of hormonal resistance because this may be expected to help direct appropriate alternative therapy; if the effect is attributable to ligand-independent ER phosphorylation, a compound such as ICI 182,780, which disrupts ER, might be helpful. Alternatively, if the effect is attributable to direct growth factor-enhanced proliferation, a drug such as Herceptin might be more effective.
Changes in PgR are also observable during the hormonal therapy of breast cancer as a result of the estrogen-dependent expression of that protein. Theoretically, it may have been instructive to have assessed the influence of HER-2 on these changes that occur through the variable targeting of PgR to 26S proteasomal degradation (30) . However, this analysis was not undertaken because of the profoundly different time-dependent effects of the SERMs and aromatase inhibitors on PgR expression (14 , 15) .
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that HER-2-positive/ER-positive tumors have a significantly poorer antiproliferative response to hormonal therapy. These data support a quantitative but not absolute resistance to such therapy for most patients with tumors of this type.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom. E-mail: mitch{at}icr.ac.uk 
2 The abbreviations used are: HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; CI, confidence interval; AI, apoptotic index; SERM, serum estrogen response modifier; ER, estrogen receptor; PgR, progesterone receptor; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization.
3 Dowsett, M., Houghton, J., Iden, C., Salter, J., Farndon, J., A’Hern, R., and Baum, M. Oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, EGF receptor and c-erbB2 status for discriminating primary breast cancer patients benefiting from adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. Lancet, submitted for publication, 2001.
Received 5/ 7/01. Accepted 10/ 3/01.
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H.-J. Kim, X. Cui, S. G. Hilsenbeck, and A. V. Lee Progesterone Receptor Loss Correlates with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Overexpression in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 1013s - 1018s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Normanno, M. Di Maio, E. De Maio, A. De Luca, A. de Matteis, A. Giordano, F. Perrone, and on behalf of the NCI-Naples Breast Cancer Group Mechanisms of endocrine resistance and novel therapeutic strategies in breast cancer Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2005; 12(4): 721 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Cui, R. Schiff, G. Arpino, C. K. Osborne, and A. V. Lee Biology of Progesterone Receptor Loss in Breast Cancer and Its Implications for Endocrine Therapy J. Clin. Oncol., October 20, 2005; 23(30): 7721 - 7735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Urruticoechea, I. E. Smith, and M. Dowsett Proliferation Marker Ki-67 in Early Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., October 1, 2005; 23(28): 7212 - 7220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Arpino, H. Weiss, A. V. Lee, R. Schiff, S. De Placido, C. K. Osborne, and R. M. Elledge Estrogen Receptor-Positive, Progesterone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer: Association With Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Tamoxifen Resistance J Natl Cancer Inst, September 7, 2005; 97(17): 1254 - 1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. C. Peterson, M. D. Servinsky, A. Christian, Z. Peng, W. Qiu, J. Mann, J. Dicello, and D. L. Huso Tamoxifen resistance and Her2/neu expression in an aged, irradiated rat breast carcinoma model Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2005; 26(9): 1542 - 1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. V. Bassarova, J. M. Nesland, T. Sedloev, W. Lilleby, S. L. Hristova, D. Y. Trifonov, and E. Torlakovic Simultaneous Bilateral Breast Carcinomas: A Category with Frequent Coexpression of HER-2 and ER-{alpha}, High Ki-67 and bcl-2, and Low p53 International Journal of Surgical Pathology, July 1, 2005; 13(3): 239 - 246. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. J Butt, C. M McNeil, E. A Musgrove, and R. L Sutherland Downstream targets of growth factor and oestrogen signalling and endocrine resistance: the potential roles of c-Myc, cyclin D1 and cyclin E Endocr. Relat. Cancer, July 1, 2005; 12(Supplement_1): S47 - S59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J M Gee, J F Robertson, E Gutteridge, I O Ellis, S E Pinder, M Rubini, and R I Nicholson Epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2/insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling and oestrogen receptor activity in clinical breast cancer Endocr. Relat. Cancer, July 1, 2005; 12(Supplement_1): S99 - S111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Dowsett, S. R. Ebbs, J. M. Dixon, A. Skene, C. Griffith, I. Boeddinghaus, J. Salter, S. Detre, M. Hills, S. Ashley, et al. Biomarker Changes During Neoadjuvant Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or the Combination: Influence of Hormonal Status and HER-2 in Breast Cancer--A Study from the IMPACT Trialists J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2005; 23(11): 2477 - 2492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dellapasqua, M. Colleoni, R. D. Gelber, and A. Goldhirsch Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Premenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 10, 2005; 23(8): 1736 - 1750. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. K. Osborne, J. Shou, S. Massarweh, and R. Schiff Crosstalk between Estrogen Receptor and Growth Factor Receptor Pathways as a Cause for Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 865s - 870s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R I Nicholson, C Staka, F Boyns, I R Hutcheson, and J M W Gee Growth factor-driven mechanisms associated with resistance to estrogen deprivation in breast cancer: new opportunities for therapy Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2004; 11(4): 623 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Ring and M. Dowsett Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2004; 11(4): 643 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Tobias Recent advances in endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: implications for treatment and prevention Ann. Onc., December 1, 2004; 15(12): 1738 - 1747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Arpino, S. J. Green, D. C. Allred, D. Lew, S. Martino, C. K. Osborne, and R. M. Elledge HER-2 Amplification, HER-1 Expression, and Tamoxifen Response in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group Study Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2004; 10(17): 5670 - 5676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Ellis, A. Coop, B. Singh, Y. Tao, A. Llombart-Cussac, F. Janicke, L. Mauriac, E. Quebe-Fehling, H. A. Chaudri-Ross, D. B. Evans, et al. Letrozole Inhibits Tumor Proliferation More Effectively than Tamoxifen Independent of HER1/2 Expression Status Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 63(19): 6523 - 6531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 X. Cui, P. Zhang, W. Deng, S. Oesterreich, Y. Lu, G. B. Mills, and A. V. Lee Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Inhibits Progesterone Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells via the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway: Progesterone Receptor as a Potential Indicator of Growth Factor Activity in Breast Cancer Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2003; 17(4): 575 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Bai and V. Giguere Isoform-Selective Interactions between Estrogen Receptors and Steroid Receptor Coactivators Promoted by Estradiol and ErbB-2 Signaling in Living Cells Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2003; 17(4): 589 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Dowsett Preoperative Models to Evaluate Endocrine Strategies for Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 9(1): 502s - 510s. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. A. Ariazi, G. M. Clark, and J. E. Mertz Estrogen-related Receptor {alpha} and Estrogen-related Receptor {gamma} Associate with Unfavorable and Favorable Biomarkers, Respectively, in Human Breast Cancer Cancer Res., November 15, 2002; 62(22): 6510 - 6518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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, idoxifene; 
, vorozole; 
, IMPACT; 
, tamoxifen.
