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Tumor Biology |
vß3 and vß5 Integrin Receptor Antagonist1
Departments of Tumor Biology [C. C. K., M. M., Z. Y., B. Y., M. L., L. A.] and Medicinal Chemistry [T. N., E. M. S., B. N.], Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy [E. T., M. P.]; University of California, San Diego, California [J. V.]
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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vß3 and vß5 are arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-dependent adhesion receptors that play a critical role in angiogenesis. Hence, selective dual vß3 and vß5 antagonists may represent a novel class of angiogenesis and tumor-growth inhibitors. Here, an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-based peptidomimetic library was screened to identify vß3 antagonists. Selected compounds were then modified to generate potent and selective dual inhibitors of vß3 and vß5 receptors. One of these compounds, SCH 221153, inhibited the binding of echistatin to vß3 (IC50 = 3.2 nM) and vß5 (IC50 = 1.7 nM) with similar potency. Its IC50 values for related IIbß3 and 5ß1 receptors were 1294 nM and 421 nM, respectively, indicating that SCH 221153 is highly selective for vß3 and vß5 receptors. In cell-based assays, SCH 221153 inhibited the binding of echistatin to vß3- and vß5-expressing 293 cells and blocked the adhesion of endothelial cells to immobilized vitronectin and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). SCH 221153, but not the inactive analogue SCH 216687, was effective in inhibiting FGF2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro with an IC50 equal to 3–10 µM. Angiogenesis induced by FGF2 in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay was also inhibited by SCH 221153. Finally, SCH 221153 exerted a significant inhibition on tumor growth induced by intradermal or s.c. injection of human melanoma LOX cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and ß chains and recognize the RGD3
sequence present in their matrix ligands (5)
. Nevertheless, they are capable of distinguishing different RGD-containing proteins, thus showing different specificity for various ECM cell-adhesive proteins. Among the various members of the integrin family, vß3 has been found to play a very significant role in the process of angiogenesis. Integrin vß3 is a promiscuous receptor inasmuch as it is capable of interacting with a number of ECM proteins, including VN, fibrinogen, FN, and thrombospondin (4
, 6)
, as well as to other proteins with different biological functions including FGF2 (7)
and metalloproteinase MMP-2 (8)
. In addition, vß3 has been shown to associate with activated platelet-derived growth factor, insulin, and VEGF receptors to facilitate optimal activation of cell proliferative signaling pathways (9
, 10)
and to prevent apoptosis (11)
.
Integrin vß3 is minimally expressed on resting or normal blood vessels, but is significantly up-regulated on vascular cells within human tumors or in response to certain growth factors in vitro (6
, 12, 13, 14)
. For example, FGF2 markedly increases ß3 mRNA and surface expression in cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (15
, 16)
. FGF2 and tumor necrosis factor stimulate vß3 expression on developing blood vessels in the chicken CAM (12)
and on the rabbit cornea (17)
. Endothelial cells exposed to growth factors, or those undergoing angiogenesis in tumors, wounds, or inflammatory tissue, express high levels of vß3 (12)
. Up-regulation of vß3 expression is also induced by human tumors cultured on the CAM, by human tumors grown in human skin explants grafted onto SCID mice, and on rabbit cornea (13)
. In fact, recent studies suggest that vß3 may serve as a useful diagnostic or prognostic indicator of tumors (18)
. Furthermore, antagonists of vß3, including both cyclic RGD peptides and monoclonal antibodies, significantly inhibited angiogenesis induced by cytokines and solid tumor fragments (12)
. Importantly, recent findings suggest that these antiangiogenic effects may be attributable to the ability of these antagonists to induce apoptosis in proliferating blood vessels (11)
. Remarkably, vß3 antagonists had very little effect on preexisting blood vessels, indicating the usefulness of targeting this receptor for therapeutic benefit without adverse side effects. A characteristic feature of vß3 that makes it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention is its relatively limited cellular distribution. It is not generally expressed on epithelial cells and is expressed only at low levels on a subset of B cells, some cells of macrophage lineage, smooth muscle cells, and activated endothelial cells (15
, 16)
. Integrin vß3 is also expressed on certain invasive tumors including metastatic melanoma (19
, 20)
and late-stage glioblastoma (21)
, where it contributes to their malignant phenotype.
Recent studies have implicated a related integrin, vß5, in angiogenesis under certain conditions. For example, Friedlander et al. (17
, 22)
have shown that antibody antagonists of vß3 inhibit FGF2-stimulated angiogenesis and antagonists of integrin vß5 inhibit VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis in the corneal and CAM models. Recent studies have shown that kinase-deleted mutants of Src block VEGF-induced, but not FGF2-induced, angiogenesis (23)
. These results suggest that FGF2 and VEGF may activate different angiogenic pathways that require vß3 and vß5, respectively. Therefore, dual antagonists of vß3 and vß5 may be useful in blocking tumor-induced angiogenesis.
In this study, we describe the pharmacological and biological characterization of a nonpeptide small molecule (SCH 221153) that is a potent inhibitor of both vß3 and vß5 integrin receptors. We demonstrate that SCH 221153 inhibits vascular endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation mediated by FGF2 and VEGF. SCH 221153 inhibited FGF2-induced angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane and inhibited the growth of human tumor xenografts in SCID mice.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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vß3-specific monoclonal antibodies (LM609), vß5-specific monoclonal antibodies (P1F6), and LM609 and P1F6-coupled to affigel matrix were purchased from Chemicon International, Inc. (Temecula, CA). 125I-Echistatin labeled by the lactoperoxidase method to a specific activity of 2000 Ci/mmol was from Amersham International (Chicago, IL). 125I-Fibronectin labeled by lactoperoxidase method to a specific activity of 11.6 µCi/µg was purchased from NEN Life Science Products, Inc. Echistatin was purchased from Bachem (Torrence, CA). Human recombinant FGF2 was expressed and purified to homogeneity from transformed Escherichia coli cells by Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography (24)
. GRGDSPK and GRADSPK peptides were from Neosystem Laboratoire (Strasbourg, France). Bovine FN and VN were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The 165-amino acid isoform of VEGF was from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA).
Protein Purification
vß3 was purified as described previously (25)
. Purified IIbß3 receptor was provided by Dr. Leslie Parise of the University of North Carolina (NC). Purified 5ß1 receptor was purchased from Chemicon International, Inc.
Solid-Phase Receptor-binding Assay
The receptor-binding assays were performed as described previously (25)
. Receptors vß3, vß5, and IIbß3 were diluted to 500ng/ml in coating buffer [20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM MnCl2], whereas 5ß1 was diluted to 1000ng/ml in 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM CaCl2, 10 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM MnCl2. An aliquot of diluted receptors (100 µl/well) was added to 96-well Flash microtiter plates and incubated overnight at 4°C. Coating solution was removed by aspiration and 200 µl of blocking solution [50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM MnCl2, and 3% BSA) was added to the wells and incubated for 2 h at room temperature. After incubation, the plates were rinsed three times with 200 µl of binding solution (coating buffer containing 0.1% BSA) and incubated with appropriate radiolabeled ligands for 3 h at room temperature. Fifty pM of radiolabeled echistatin was used for vß3, vß5, and IIbß3 receptors. Radiolabeled FN (300 pM) was used for 5ß1 receptor-binding assay. After incubation, the plates were sealed and counted in the Top Count (Packard).
Cell-binding Assay
Cell-binding assays were performed as described before (21)
.
Cell-Adhesion Assay
One hundred-µl aliquots of 100 mM NaHCO3 (pH 9.6; carbonate buffer), containing the adhesive molecule under test were added to polystyrene non-tissue culture microtiter plates at 20 µg/ml. After 16 h of incubation at 4°C the solution was removed and wells were washed three times with cold PBS. For the cell-adhesion assay, confluent cultures of GM 7373 cells were trypsinized, washed, and resuspended with the appropriate medium. Previous observations had indicated that low concentrations of serum were required in some experiments for optimal cell adhesion to FGF2-coated plastic (7)
. For this reason, 1% FCS was used routinely in cell-adhesion experiments.
Transformed fetal bovine aortic endothelial GM7373 cells were used for the cell-adhesion assays. They were obtained from the N.I.G.M.S. Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository (Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ). They correspond to the BFA-1c 1BPT multilayered clone described by Grinspan et al. (26) . GM 7373 cells (50,000) were resuspended in 200 µl of medium and immediately seeded onto 96-well plates coated with the molecule under test in the absence or in the presence of the indicated concentrations of SCH 221153, SCH 216687, GRGDSPK, or GRADSPK. Cell adhesion was allowed to occur for 2 h at 37°C. Then, wells were washed once with 2 mM EDTA in PBS and once in MEM without serum. The washing procedure was repeated three times. Adherent cells were fixed in 3.7% paraformaldehyde/0.1 M sucrose in PBS, washed with PBS, and stained with methylene blue/Azur II (1:1, v/v). Plates were read with a microplate reader at 595 nm.
Cell Proliferation Assays
Short-Term Assay.
GM 7373 cells were seeded at 75,000 cells/cm2 in 96-well plates in Eagle’s minimal essential medium containing 10% FCS, vitamins, and essential and nonessential amino acids. After overnight incubation, cells were treated with the mitogen under test plus 0.4% FCS in the absence or in the presence of the indicated concentrations of SCH 221153, SCH 216687, GRGDSPK, or GRADSPK. After 24 h, cells were trypsinized and counted. Under these experimental conditions, control cultures incubated in 0.4% FCS with no addition or with 10 ng/ml FGF2 underwent 0.1–0.2 and 0.7–0.8 cell population doublings, respectively. Cells grown in 10% FCS underwent one cell population doubling (27)
.
Long-Term Assay.
HUVECs at passage 3 (Clonetics) were seeded at 2500 cells/well in 96-well plates in complete EGM-2 medium (Clonetics). After 24 h, all cell cultures were incubated in EGM-2 medium devoid of FGF2, VEGF, and heparin. Then wells were divided into three series: one was added with 10 ng/ml FGF2; the second one was added with 10 ng/ml FGF2 plus 30 ng/ml VEGF; and the third one was left untreated. Next, all series were treated with the indicated concentrations of SCH 221153 or SCH 216687. After 6 days, cells were stained with crystal violet and plates were read with a microplate reader at 595 nm.
Chick CAM Assay
Embryos (10 days of age) were used in this assay, as described (12)
.
Mouse Xenograft Models
Female SCID mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA), 4–6 weeks of age were used for the tumor xenograft studies. In one study, SCID mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) were inoculated intradermally on day 0 with human melanoma-derived LOX cells, which express very low levels of vß3. Starting on day 1, SCH 221153 was administered twice daily through i.p. injection at various doses for 15 days. In another study, SCID mice were inoculated s.c. with LOX tumor cells on day 0 and starting on day 1 were treated with SCH 221153 twice daily through i.p. injection for 15 days. SCH 221153 was dissolved in 20% (w/v) HPßCD, and mice in the vehicle control group received 20% HPßCD. The number of cells number used was 2 x 105 for intradermal inoculation and 5 x 105 for s.c. inoculation. Each tumor was measured in three dimensions on days 8, 11, and 15. Tumor volume was calculated with the formula of V = 1/6 x 
x L x W x T, where L, W, and T represent length, width, and thickness, respectively (28)
. The data were expressed as the means ± or the means ± SD. Student’s and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess differences between means or meridians using the InStat software package (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA).
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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vß3 and vß5.vß3. The general structures of the compounds in the library contained three units linked linearly. The basic unit consists of a 2-(aminoalkyl)benzimidazole, which is acylated on the amine to furnish an amide or urea. The core unit is a proprietary meta- or para-methylenebenzoyl bifunctional unit. The acidic unit consists of a variety of amino-carboxylic acids we wished to explore. This format of basic-core-acidic groups is well exemplified in known vß3 antagonists. An initial set of 10 10-component mixtures used 10 polar natural amino acids. A second set of these mixtures used 10 non-natural amino acids. A third set of 10 single compounds used 
-amino butyric acid as the amino acid. None of these library materials showed activity at 100 µg/ml in the receptor-binding assay. A set of 10 compounds using diaminopropionic acid was then prepared and showed strong activity. Compounds of interest were subsequently modified by medicinal chemistry efforts to enhance potency and selectivity for vß3. Fig. 1
shows the structure of the active compound, SCH 221153, identified via this process. SCH 216687 was inactive in the integrin receptor-binding assays and was used here as a negative control. Fig. 2
shows that SCH 221153 inhibited the binding of radiolabeled echistatin to vß3 and vß5 in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 equal to 3.2 and 1.7 nM, respectively. Selectivity of this compound was demonstrated by its poor antagonist activity for IIbß3 and 5ß1 receptors (IC50 values equal to 1294 nM and 421 nM, respectively). Consistent with these results, SCH 221153 was found to be ineffective in blocking ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro (data not shown).
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vß3 and 293-vß5 Cells by SCH 221153.vß3 and vß5 receptors. For this purpose, 293-vß3 and 293-vß5 cells were harvested from tissue culture flasks, placed in suspension and incubated with 125I-echistatin for 2 h in the presence of diluent or increasing concentrations of SCH 221153 or of cRGD peptide. As shown in Fig. 3a
, both molecules inhibit the binding of radiolabeled echistatin to 293-vß3 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values equal to 348 nM and 92 nM for SCH 221153 and cRGD, respectively. SCH 221153 and cRGD were also similarly effective in blocking the binding of echistatin to vß5-293 cells in a dose dependent manner (Fig. 3b)
. In agreement with these observations, SCH 221153 and cRGD were similarly effective in blocking the adhesion of 293-vß3 and 293-vß5 cells to VN-coated plastic (results not shown).
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vß3 integrin interaction (7)
. On this basis, we evaluated the capacity of SCH 221153 and SCH 216687 to affect the adhesion of fetal bovine aortic endothelial GM 7373 cells to immobilized FGF2, VN, and FN. In this experiment, GM7373 cells were seeded onto non-tissue culture plates coated with the different substrata and allowed to adhere for 2 h before quantitating the number of adherent cells. Under these conditions, no significant cell adhesion and spreading were observed for BSA-coated plastic plates. As shown in Fig. 4
, SCH 221153 exerts an inhibitory activity on the cell adhesive capacity of FGF2 and VN (IC50 equal to 3.0 and 1.0 µM, respectively, for the two substrates) that is 10 times more potent than that exerted by SCH 216687. Both molecules poorly affected GM 7373 adhesion to immobilized FN with an IC50 equal to 
20 µM.
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, SCH 221153 inhibits the mitogenic activity of FGF2 and VEGF in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 equal to 3–10 µM, whereas SCH 216687 was ineffective. The linear integrin-binding peptide GRGDSPK, but not the negative control peptide GRADSPK (Fig. 5A)
, exerted a similar FGF2-antagonist activity.
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To assess its specificity of action, SCH 221153 was tested for the capacity to affect GM7373 cell proliferation triggered by different stimuli. Under the same experimental conditions, SCH 221153 inhibits the mitogenic activity exerted by FGF2, but not that exerted by FCS, epidermal growth factor, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, or 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (Fig. 5B)
. Again, SCH 216687 was ineffective on all of the mitogenic stimuli investigated.
In agreement with the data obtained in the short-term proliferation assay, SCH 221153 treatment resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of HUVEC proliferation in a long-term assay. Again, SCH 221153 inhibited the mitogenic activity of FGF2 with an IC50 equal to 3–10 µM, whereas SCH 216687 was ineffective (Fig. 6A)
. SCH 221153 retained its antagonist activity when HUVECs were stimulated with FGF2 in the presence of VEGF165 (Fig. 6B)
.
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, SCH 221153 was effective in blocking FGF2-induced angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 equal to 100 ng/implant. Interestingly, SCH 221153 had very little effect on preexisting blood vessels of the CAM, indicating that the compound exerts a specific action on proliferating microvessels (Fig. 7a)
.
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vß5. Accordingly, SCH 221153 does not affect their proliferative capacity in vitro when tested at doses up to 30 µM.5
On this basis, this cell line was chosen to assess the efficacy of SCH 221153 in inhibiting tumor growth in mice by acting as an anti-angiogenic agent. In one study, LOX cells were inoculated into SCID mice intradermally on day 0. Starting on day 1, SCH 221153 was administered through i.p. injection twice daily at various doses for 15 days. SCH 221153 was dissolved in 20% (w/v) HPßCD, and mice in the Vehicle Control group received 20% HPßCD. Each tumor was measured in three dimensions on days 8, 11, and 15. As shown in Fig. 8a
, LOX tumor cells injected intradermally reached a maximum average tumor volume of 130 mm3 on day 15, and treatment of mice with SCH 221153 resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth with 71% inhibition being observed at 20 mpk. Increasing the dosage to 50 mpk body weight did not result in any additional increase in the inhibition of tumor growth. The skin sections surrounding the tumors were photographed to visualize the vasculature around the tumors. As shown in Fig. 8c
, new blood vessel growth surrounding the tumors was significantly inhibited in animals dosed with SCH 221153 (50 mpk).
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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vß3 and vß5 would represent a class of molecules with a precise molecular target(s) and a clear understanding of the mechanism of action (14)
. Antagonists of vß3, such as cRGDfV, humanized monoclonal antibody Vitaxin, and a number of peptidomimetic small-molecular-weight compounds are under investigation as anti-angiogenesis agents (29)
. These antagonists have been shown to induce the apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells expressing vß3 without an apparent effect on normal, nonproliferating endothelium. Additionally, it has been demonstrated recently that in lymphocytes and MCF-7 cells, induction of apoptosis by RGD peptides is by direct activation of caspase-3 (30)
. Furthermore, it has been shown that exposure of endothelial cells to TNF- and IFN- caused selective inhibition of integrin vß3-dependent cell adhesion and survival in vitro (31)
. Administration of TNF- and IFN- to melanoma patients induced detachment and apoptosis of vß3-positive endothelial cells of tumor vasculature in vivo (31)
. These results implicate integrin vß3 in the antivascular activity of TNF- and IFN- and demonstrate a new mechanism by which cytokines control cell adhesion via integrin receptors.
In this study, we have characterized an RGD peptidomimetic, SCH 221153, that is a potent inhibitor of integrins vß3 and vß5 and exhibits selectivity against related IIbß3 and 5ß1 receptors. We have shown that SCH 221153 inhibits adhesion of 293-vß3 and 293-vß5 cells and endothelial cells to ECM proteins and to FGF2. In addition, we have shown that SCH 221153, but not an inactive derivative SCH 216687, is capable of inhibiting FGF2 and VEGF-induced proliferation of bovine and human aortic endothelial cells. SCH 221153 also inhibited FGF2-induced angiogenesis in the CAM assay system and blocked the growth of LOX melanoma tumors in mouse xenograft models. These studies are in agreement with previous observations on the capacity of antibody and RGD-based peptide antagonists of integrin vß3 to inhibit angiogenesis on the chick CAM, leading to regression of human tumors (12, 13, 14)
. Furthermore, an antibody against vß3 blocked human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in a nude mouse/human skin chimera model (13)
. In an extension of these studies, it was discovered that FGF2 and VEGF activate two angiogenic pathways mediated by integrin vß3 and vß5, respectively (22)
. In both the rabbit corneal eye pocket and the chick CAM assays, anti-vß3 monoclonal antibody blocked FGF2-induced angiogenesis, whereas antivß5 antagonists blocked VEGF-induced angiogenesis (17)
. The biological significance of these distinct angiogenic pathways is unknown. VEGF is a potent mitogen and angiogenic agent secreted by several tumors and plays an important role in eliciting tumor-induced angiogenesis (32)
. Recent studies have shown that integrins vß3 and vß5 are expressed by microvascular endothelium of high risk neuroblastomas, and their inhibition is associated with increased endogenous ceramide production, which may contribute to endothelial cell death (33)
. These studies clearly indicate that it may be necessary to inhibit both of these integrins to block angiogenesis in vivo. Here, we describe a dual antagonist of these integrins and demonstrate its in vivo efficacy in inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor growth.
Integrin selectivity was considered important because integrins, in general, bind to the RGD motif present in a number of ECM proteins. Of particular concern is the platelet fibrinogen receptor, IIbß3. Integrin IIbß3 and vß3 are related, in that they share a common ß3 subunit. More importantly, IIbß3 is a key player of platelet aggregation, and antagonists of IIbß3 may cause unwanted bleeding problems. Medicinal chemistry efforts produced SCH221153, which is 700-fold more selective toward vß3 compared with IIbß3.
Evidence that inhibition of tumor growth by SCH 2211153 is indirect, presumably via inhibition of angiogenesis comes from two observations. First, the melanoma-derived LOX cells express very low levels of the vß3-receptor, ruling out the possibility of direct effect of SCH 221153 on tumor cells. Indeed, SCH 221153 has no effect on LOX cell proliferation in vitro. Second, previous studies have shown that integrin vß3-antagonists inhibit angiogenesis in different in vivo assays (12, 13, 14)
. Accordingly, SCH 221153 inhibits FGF2-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in the in vivo CAM assay. Visualization of vasculature surrounding the LOX tumors in the in vivo efficacy study indicates that SCH 221153 causes a significant decrease in the number of blood vessels surrounding the xenograft tumors (Fig. 8c)
. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic profile of SCH 221153 in mice and rats indicated that this compound has a short half-life of about 12 min and is cleared rapidly from blood.6
At 20-mpk doses administered twice daily in mice, the effective concentration required to inhibit cell attachment to matrix is maintained for only 4 h subsequent to i.p. dosing in mice. This analysis suggests that continuous exposure of newly synthesized endothelial cells to the antagonist is not required to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion and the formation of new blood vessels.
A number of integrin vß3 antagonists are being developed for use as angiogenesis inhibitors. These include a humanized form of anti-vß3 monoclonal antibody LM609 (Vitaxin), cRGD peptides, and synthetic RGD mimetics (34)
, (35)
. Small molecular weight compounds with oral bioavailability will have a number of advantages over antibody-based approaches. Whereas most of these compounds are targeted specifically toward the vß3 receptor, it is clear that the vß5 receptor also plays a critical role, and dual antagonists of both vß3 and vß5 would have a definite therapeutic advantage. SCH 221153 is a small-molecular-weight compound that can inhibit both vß3- and vß5-receptors, and thus represents a class of molecules that would have a distinct advantage over vß3-specific antagonists. Studies by others have shown that vß3 plays a critical role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, and both anti-vß3 monoclonal antibodies and RGD peptides inhibit bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo models (36)
. Peptidomimetic antagonists of vß3 are also being developed for use in osteoporosis indication (34
, 35)
. The combination of anti-angiogenic, antitumor, and anti-bone resorptive activities in a single pharmacological agent offers significant therapeutic opportunities.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 This work was supported in part by grants from the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (AIDS Project), the National Research Council (Target Project on Biotechnology), and the Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologicala ("60%") to M. P. 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Tumor Biology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033. Phone: (908) 740-7328; Fax: (908) 740-3918; E-mail: chandra.kumar{at}spcorp.com
3 The abbreviations used are: RGD, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; cRGD, cyclic RGD; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ECM, extracellular matrix; VN, vitronectin; FN, fibronectin; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; CAM, chorioallantoic membrane; SCID, severe combined immunodeficient; HUVEC, human umbilical vascular endothelial cell; mpk, mg/kg body weight; TNF-, tumor necrosis factor .
4 M. Presta, unpublished observations.
Received 10/ 5/00. Accepted 12/28/00.
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L. Belvisi, T. Riccioni, M. Marcellini, L. Vesci, I. Chiarucci, D. Efrati, D. Potenza, C. Scolastico, L. Manzoni, K. Lombardo, et al. Biological and molecular properties of a new {alpha}v{beta}3/{alpha}v{beta}5 integrin antagonist Mol. Cancer Ther., November 1, 2005; 4(11): 1670 - 1680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Urbinati, S. Mitola, E. Tanghetti, C. Kumar, J. Waltenberger, D. Ribatti, M. Presta, and M. Rusnati Integrin {alpha}V{beta}3 as a Target for Blocking HIV-1 Tat-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation In Vitro and Angiogenesis In Vivo Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2315 - 2320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Murga, O. Fernandez-Capetillo, and G. Tosato Neuropilin-1 regulates attachment in human endothelial cells independently of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 Blood, March 1, 2005; 105(5): 1992 - 1999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Presta, P. Oreste, G. Zoppetti, M. Belleri, E. Tanghetti, D. Leali, C. Urbinati, A. Bugatti, R. Ronca, S. Nicoli, et al. Antiangiogenic Activity of Semisynthetic Biotechnological Heparins: Low-Molecular-Weight-Sulfated Escherichia coli K5 Polysaccharide Derivatives as Fibroblast Growth Factor Antagonists Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. U. Naik, S. A. Mousa, C. A. Parkos, and U. P. Naik Signaling through JAM-1 and {alpha}v{beta}3 is required for the angiogenic action of bFGF: dissociation of the JAM-1 and {alpha}v{beta}3 complex Blood, September 15, 2003; 102(6): 2108 - 2114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-O. Nam, J.-E. Kim, H.-W. Jeong, S.-J. Lee, B.-H. Lee, J.-Y. Choi, R.-W. Park, J. Y. Park, and I.-S. Kim Identification of the {alpha}v{beta}3 Integrin-interacting Motif of {beta}ig-h3 and Its Anti-angiogenic Effect J. Biol. Chem., July 3, 2003; 278(28): 25902 - 25909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-E. Kim, H.-W. Jeong, J.-O. Nam, B.-H. Lee, J.-Y. Choi, R.-W. Park, J. Y. Park, and I.-S. Kim Identification of Motifs in the Fasciclin Domains of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta -induced Matrix Protein beta ig-h3 That Interact with the alpha vbeta 5 Integrin J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2002; 277(48): 46159 - 46165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Hetian, A. Ping, S. Shumei, L. Xiaoying, H. Luowen, W. Jian, M. Lin, L. Meisheng, Y. Junshan, and S. Chengchao A Novel Peptide Isolated from a Phage Display Library Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Blocking the Binding of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor to Its Kinase Domain Receptor J. Biol. Chem., November 1, 2002; 277(45): 43137 - 43142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. J. Klasa, A. F. List, and B. D. Cheson Rational Approaches to Design of Therapeutics Targeting Molecular Markers Hematology, January 1, 2001; 2001(1): 443 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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), FGF2 (
, 
), or FN (
, 
). Then, GM 7373 cells were seeded onto coated plates in the absence or in the presence of increasing concentrations of SCH 221153 (closed symbols) or SCH 216687 (open symbols) and allowed to adhere for 2 h at 37°C. Then, adherent cells were fixed, stained, and the plates read with a microplate reader at 595 nm. Data are expressed as the percentage of cell adhesion observed in the absence of antagonist.
