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[Cancer Research 62, 4089-4094, July 15, 2002]
© 2002 American Association for Cancer Research

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Alternative Translocation Breakpoint Cluster Region 5' to BCL-6 in B-cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma1

Marion P. Butler, Shinsuke Iida, Daniela Capello, Davide Rossi, Pulivarthi H. Rao, Palanisamy Nallasivam, Diane C. Louie, Seeta Chaganti, Thomas Au, Randy D. Gascoyne, Gianluca Gaidano, Raju S. K. Chaganti and Riccardo Dalla-Favera2

Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Departments of Pathology and Genetics & Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 [M. P. B., S. I., R. D-F.]; Hematology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy [D. C., D. R., G. G.]; Cell Biology and Genetics Programs, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021 [P. H. R., P. N., D. C. L., S. C., R. S. K. C.]; and the Department of Pathology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, V5Z 4E6 Canada [T. A., R. D. G.]


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Chromosomal translocations involving band 3q27 with various different partner chromosomes represent a recurrent cytogenetic abnormality in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In a fraction of these translocations, the chromosomal breakpoint is located within the 5' noncoding region of the BCL-6 proto-oncogene where the BCL-6 major breakpoint region (MBR) maps. As a result of the translocation, BCL-6 expression is deregulated by promoter substitution. However, between 30 and 50% of lymphomas with cytogenetically detectable translocations affecting band 3q27 retain a germ-line configuration at the BCL-6 locus. To identify possible additional breakpoint clusters within 3q27, we cloned a t(3;14)(q27;q32) lymphoma without MBR rearrangement and found a novel breakpoint site located between 245 and 285 kb 5' to BCL-6. Breakpoints within this newly described region, which we called the alternative breakpoint region (ABR), were found to be recurrent in lymphomas carrying t(3q27) chromosomal translocations but devoid of BCL-6 MBR rearrangements. Comparative analysis of multiple lymphomas carrying rearrangements within the ABR showed that the breakpoints cluster within a 20-kb distance. Translocations involving the ABR may juxtapose BCL-6 to distantly acting, heterologous transcriptional regulatory elements which cause deregulation of the proto-oncogene. The identification of BCL-6 ABR provides new tools for the diagnosis of lymphomas carrying aberrations at 3q27 and deregulated BCL-6 genes.


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
B-cell NHL3 form a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise as a result of the clonal expansion of a single cell arrested at a specific stage of B-cell differentiation (1) . The uncovering of the genetic elements involved in lymphomagenesis has been aided by cytogenetic analysis, which has revealed that nonrandom chromosomal translocations are found in association with specific subtypes of NHL (1, 2) . The molecular cloning of the breakpoint junctions of these translocations has led to the identification of several proto-oncogenes that undergo transcriptional deregulation because of their juxtaposition to regulatory elements of genes constitutively expressed in mature B cells, most often represented by Ig genes (1) . The B-cell NHL-associated oncogenes discovered to date include BCL-1 at 11q13 involved in ~95% of mantle cell lymphomas, BCL-2 at 18q21 involved in 70–90% of FLs (1) , c-MYC at 8q24, which is found to be rearranged in 100% of Burkitt’s lymphoma (1) , PAX-5 at 9p13 involved in 50% of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas (1) , and BCL-6 at 3q27 rearranged in 30–40% of DLBCLs and in 4–15% of FL cases (3, 4, 5) .

The BCL-6 gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein characterized by six COOH-terminal Kruppel-type zinc finger motifs, and an NH2-terminal POZ motif, shared by several zinc finger molecules, including the Drosophila developmental regulators Tramtrak and Broad-Complex, as well as the human KUP, ZID, and PLZF proteins (3) . BCL-6 has been shown to function as a potent transcriptional repressor of promoters linked to its DNA target sequence (6, 7, 8) . The BCL-6 protein is expressed in mature B-cells within germinal centers but not in immature B-cell precursors or in differentiated plasma cells (9) . Targeted disruption of the BCL-6 gene shows that BCL-6 is essential for germinal center formation, being involved in the control of Th2-type immune responses (10 , 11) .

Rearrangements involving the BCL-6 gene at 3q27 cluster mainly in a 4-kb genomic region, termed the MBR, which spans the first noncoding exon of the gene (3, 4, 5) . Translocations affecting band 3q27 in NHL are not limited to the Ig loci but may involve numerous different partner chromosomes. The molecular characterization of several 3q27 chromosomal translocations has shown that the coding domain of the translocated BCL-6 gene becomes fused downstream to heterologous promoters. These include the Eµ and I{gamma} promoters of Ig genes in the case of t(3;14) as well as promoters of other genes, namely TTF, BOB-1, H4, in the case of t(3;4), t(3;11), and t(3;6), respectively (12, 13, 14, 15) . A general feature of Rpromoters juxtaposed to translocated BCL-6 is their constitutive expression in B-cells, which leads to the inappropriate expression of BCL-6 (12, 13, 14, 15) .

Between 30 and 50% of the 3q27 chromosomal breakpoints found in lymphomas do not occur within the MBR of BCL-6, suggesting the presence of alternative breakpoints at 3q27 (3) . To address this question, we cloned a t(3;14)(q27;q32) occurring in a FL case shown to be negative for rearrangement at the MBR of BCL-6. We detected a novel breakpoint cluster located 245–285 kb upstream of the first exon of the BCL-6 gene and termed ABR. This breakpoint site was shown to be recurrent in several lymphomas with 3q27 chromosomal translocations that lacked BCL-6 MBR rearrangement.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Tumor Biopsies and Cell Lines.
Lymph node biopsies from NHL cases were obtained from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital. Tumors were classified histologically according to the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (16) . The t(3;14)(q27;q32)-positive NHL case 1952, which served for BCL-6 ABR cloning, was diagnosed as having a FL demonstrating an add (8) (q24) but no karyotypic evidence of a t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that this tumor expressed surface IgM.

Southern and Northern Blot Analysis.
High molecular weight DNA was extracted by the SDS/proteinase K method followed by "salting out" and ethanol precipitation. Southern blot analysis was performed following standard procedures. The following probes were used for Southern blot analysis of Ig gene rearrangements: JH probe, represented by a 6.6-kb BamHI-HindIII fragment from the IgH locus (17) ; and Cµ probe, represented by a 1.3-kb EcoRI fragment from the IgH locus (17) . Some of the BCL-6 ABR probes used in this study have been used in a previous study (18) . For Northern blot analysis, RNA was extracted from cell lines and patient samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate/cesium chloride method, electrophoresed on a 1.0% agarose gel containing 2.2 mM formaldehyde and transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond N; Stratagene).

Cloning of Chromosomal Breakpoints.
High molecular weight DNA from NHL case 1952 was digested with BamHI and size fractionated by running on a 0.7% low-melting agarose gel. Fragments ranging from 12 to 23 kb were gel-purified and ligated into the {lambda}Dash-II vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and subsequently in vitro packaged using Gigapack III Gold packaging extract (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Recombinant phage clones (1 x 106) were screened by plaque hybridization using the JH and Cµ Ig probes. Isolation of germ-line 3q27 sequences was achieved by screening a human placenta library (Stratagene) with probe 2.1 B/H derived from phage {lambda}1952–2 {corresponding to der(14) } (Fig. 1)Citation .



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  		Fig. 1. Molecular characterization of the t(3;14) lymphoma case 1952. In A, the figure shows mapping of the recombinant phage clones {lambda}1952-23 and {lambda}1952-2, representing der(3) and der(14) respectively, in addition to the normal germ-line phages {lambda}1952-15/11 at the BCL-6 ABR. Structural elements include the Ig enhancer element (Eµ), as well as the switch region (Sµ) and coding segments (Cµ and JH). Arrows indicate the position of the breakpoint in case 1952. Probes 2.1 B/H and 1.3 X are represented as thick horizontal lines and were used to confirm chromosome 3 derivation by hybridization to somatic cell hybrid DNA filters. In B, the figure shows the nucleotide sequence analysis of the breakpoint junctions of case 1952 and alignment to the corresponding germ-line regions. Sequence identities are indicated by the vertical lines. The sequences absent in der(3) and der(14), but present in germ-line chromosome 3, are the result of a deletion during translocation. Sµ motifs are underlined. Restriction enzyme abbreviations are: B, BamHI; E, EcoRI; H, HindIII; and Bg, BgIII.

 
Isolation of P1/PAC and YAC Clones and Construction of a 3q27 Contig.
To establish a clone contig encompassing the BCL-6 gene, the Sac 4.0 probe (intron 1 of BCL-6) was used to screen a gridded P1 and PAC library (Genome Systems, St. Louis, MO). P1 and PAC clone ends were isolated by a vectorette-bubble PCR method and then used for genomic "walking" by additional screening of P1 and PAC libraries (19) . The single YAC clone 19GA10 described in the contig, isolated from the Zeneca (formerly ICI) human YAC library, was obtained from the United Kingdom Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Hinxton, United Kingdom. Confirmation that the isolated P1 and PAC clones were from chromosome 3 was achieved through the hybridization of PCR-derived end clone fragments to somatic cell hybrid filters (panel 2, National Institute of General Medical Sciences Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository, Coriell Institute, Camden, NJ), as well as FISH analysis to metaphase spreads of mitogen-stimulated normal human lymphocytes. Insert sizing of P1 and PAC clones was achieved through their digestion with NotI/SalI and NotI restriction digests, respectively. For YAC clones, yeast cells were embedded in agarose plugs by a standard method and analyzed by PFGE on the CHEF-DR II (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA) after restriction digestion.

FISH.
Briefly, probes were labeled by nick translation with biotin-16-dUTP or digoxigenin-11-dUTP and detected by indirect immunofluorescence using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated avidin and rhodamine-conjugated anti-digoxigenin, respectively. Chromosomes were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Images were captured with a cooled chargecoupled device camera (Photometrics, Tucson AZ) attached to a Nikon Microphot-SA microscope and processed using Smart capture imaging system (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL).

DNA Sequencing.
DNA sequencing was performed by the dideoxy chain termination method using the ABI 373A automated sequencing system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).


   RESULTS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Cloning of t(3;14) from a FL.
Cloning of t(3;14)(q27;q32) was performed on case 1952, represented by an IgM-producing FL. Southern blot analysis of Ig genes using BamHI and HindIII digestions and probes for J, Cµ, C{gamma}, and C{alpha} sequences showed the presence of three rearranged J fragments, two of which did not comigrate with any constant gene region probe (data not shown) as observed previously in several cases of chromosomal translocations involving the IgH locus (20) . We then proceeded to clone the rearranged BamHI fragments containing JH and Cµ sequences from a recombinant phage library constructed from BamHI-digested DNA from case 1952, which was screened by both JH and Cµ probes. Restriction mapping and hybridization analysis revealed that the recombinant phage clones contained JH and Cµ sequences juxtaposed to sequences unrelated to the IgH locus. To determine the chromosomal origin of these sequences, a 2.1-kb BamHI-HindIII fragment from {lambda}1952-2, as well as a 1.3-kb XbaI fragment from {lambda}1952-23 (Fig. 1)Citation , were hybridized to DNA of somatic-cell hybrids representative of individual human chromosomes. Both probes identified human sequences only on somatic cell hybrids containing chromosome 3 (data not shown). Probe 2.1 B/H from {lambda}1952-2 was then used to screen a genomic placenta library to clone the corresponding normal locus on chromosome 3, represented by phage clones {lambda}1952-15 and {lambda}1952-11 (Fig. 2)Citation .



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  		Fig. 2. Physical map of the 3q27 genomic region encompassing the BCL-6 gene. The top panel shows a contig of P1, PAC, and YAC clones which covers a genomic region of ~650 kb. The insert size of these reagents was determined by PFGE. The open circles represent nonchimeric clones as determined by hybridization of the PCR-derived end fragments to somatic cell hybrid DNA panels. The extent of overlap between adjacent P1 and PAC clones was achieved through restriction fingerprint analysis. The BCL-6 gene is represented as the filled box, exons 1 and 10 are indicated. The ABR is represented as a thick horizontal line ({lambda}1952-15/11), the detailed schematic representation of which is shown in the bottom panel. In the bottom panel, the black horizontal bars represent the probes used to assess for frequency of rearrangement at the ABR in the tumor cases. The fragment 2.5 B/H () was used as a probe in Southern blot hybridization analysis to map the location of the ABR. The lymphoma cases positive for rearrangement at the ABR are indicated on the map, and rearrangements are defined within HindIII restriction fragments. Restriction enzyme abbreviations are: B, BamHI; H, HindIII; Bg, BgIII; and E, EcoRI.

 
Restriction mapping and partial sequence analysis of der(3) and der(14) indicated that the clones represented a reciprocal translocation (Fig. 1)Citation . The position of the breakpoints was mapped by sequencing of derivatives (3) and (14) junctions regions, which revealed that the recombination involved a deletion of 63 bp on chromosome 3 (Fig. 1)Citation . FISH analysis of metaphase spreads prepared from case 1952 using the phage contig ({gamma}1952-15/11) as a probe revealed signals on chromosomal derivatives (3) and (14) as well as normal chromosome 3, band q27, thus confirming the derivation of these phages from a t(3;14) (data not shown).

By sequencing analysis, the typical Ig switch pentameric repeat motifs were seen in the immediate vicinity of the cloned breakpoint. No apparent homology was detectable between chromosome 14 and chromosome 3 sequences near the breakpoint.

Relationship between the 3q27 Breakpoint of Case 1952 and the BCL-6 Gene.
To define the position of the newly identified 3q27 breakpoint, a contig of P1, PAC, and YAC clones was constructed linking the newly cloned ABR to the BCL-6 locus (Fig. 2)Citation . A restriction map of the YAC clone 19GA10 is given in Fig. 2Citation , showing MluI and EagI restriction enzyme sites identified by double enzyme digestion and by hybridization analysis using YAC/PAC clone ends. By Southern blot hybridization analysis, probe 1.3 X from ABR (Fig. 2)Citation hybridized only to YAC clone 19GA10 in the contig. It hybridized specifically to a 220-kb MluI restriction fragment of YAC clone 19GA10. An adjacent ABR probe, termed 2.5 B/H, hybridized to a different MluI restriction fragment of 85 kb (see Fig. 2Citation ). This indicates that the ABR is located 220 kb from the left YAC arm terminus, 19GA10L. By Southern blot hybridization analysis, probe 19GA10L hybridizes to both P1371O8 and PAC133M19. The 5' marker of P1371O8 (T7 end) is positioned ~65 kb 5' to exon 1 of BCL-6 by a combination of PFGE and hybridization analysis (Fig. 2)Citation . Marker 133M19T7 maps 25 kb 5' to BCL-6 as determined by restriction fingerprint analysis and hybridization analysis (data not shown). Overall, these results indicate that ABR is positioned at a distance of 245–285 kb 5' to BCL-6.

Recurrency of the BCL-6 ABR in Lymphomas.
To assess the frequency of ABR, we collected a series of lymphomas (n = 12) with cytogenetic evidence of t(3q27) translocations but absence of rearrangement involving the MBR of BCL-6. The histological and partial cytogenetic profiles of these NHL cases are presented in Table 1Citation . Southern blots of HindIII-, BgIII-, and BamHI-digested tumor DNAs were prepared and hybridized sequentially with probes derived from phages {lambda}1952-15/11, exploring a genomic distance of ~40 kb surrounding the breakpoint of case 1952. All rearrangements reported were confirmed by analysis with a second enzyme digest. Representative results of hybridization analyses with probes from the ABR on Southern blots of t(3q27) NHL cases are shown in Fig. 3Citation . Using probes 1.3 X and 0.4 HaeIII on HindIII, BgIII, and BamHI Southern blot digests of lymphoma cases (Fig. 3)Citation , rearrangements were seen in 42% (5 of 12) of NHL cases that had cytogenetic evidence of t(3q27) chromosomal translocations and that showed germ-line configuration of the MBR (Table 1)Citation .


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  		Table 1 Rearrangement analysis at ABR in NHL cases with 3q27 chromosomal translocations

 


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  		Fig. 3. Southern blots showing rearrangement at the BCL-6 ABR in three representative lymphoma cases. Rearrangements are depicted in lymphoma cases 1188, 1562, and 95-625, confirmed by two DNA digests.

 
Subsequently, we investigated a cytogenetically uncharacterized series of FL (n = 20) and DLBCL (n = 84) that were known to be devoid of BCL-6 MBR rearrangements. Rearrangements of the BCL-6 ABR were detected in 10% (2 of 20) FL and 2.4% (2 of 84) DLBCL, including one case arising in an immunocompetent host and one case associated with AIDS. Mapping studies showed that all ABR rearrangements of BCL-6 clustered within a 20-kb region.

BCL-6 Expression Levels in NHL Cases with ABR Rearrangement.
To analyze the effect of ABR rearrangement on BCL-6 gene expression, we examined the levels of BCL-6 expression in lymphoma cases 1952 (FL) and 1188 (DLBCL) (both rearranged at ABR), as compared with two control FLs (cases 2065 and 1992) showing no rearrangement at the ABR or MBR of BCL-6 (Fig. 4)Citation . BCL-6 RNA levels were similar, independent of the BCL-6 genomic status. In addition, BCL-6 expression levels of case 1952 were also comparable with those of DLBCL cell line LY18 with germ-line BCL-6, as well as of immunoblastic lymphoma LY8 carrying a MBR rearrangement. Overall, these results indicate that cases with ABR rearrangement express BCL-6 at levels comparable with phenotypically similar cases with MBR rearrangement or lacking 3q27 abnormalities.



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  		Fig. 4. Northern blot analysis of the t(3;14) positive lymphoma case 1952 hybridized with the BCL-6 probe. Other lymphoma cases are also included for comparison. A 10-µg aliquot of total RNA was loaded onto each lane, blotted, and hybridized with the full-length BCL-6 cDNA probe together with the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) probe to control for the amount of RNA loading, as well as RNA degradation for the tumor RNAs. LY18 and LY17 are DLBCL cell lines; LY8 is an immunoblastic lymphoma cell line; primary cases 2065, 1992, and 1952 are FL; case 1188 is a DLBCL. The genomic status of each sample is indicated as ABR; MBR; G (for germ-line configuration at the ABR and MBR of BCL-6).

 

   DISCUSSION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
B-cell NHL are typically characterized by recurrent chromosomal translocations, which deregulate proto-oncogenes found at or in close proximity to the chromosomal breakpoint junction areas (1) . In some translocations, exemplified by the BCL-1 and BCL-2 translocations, the proto-oncogene may be involved by multiple, distinct breakpoint clusters that are recurrent in different patients (21 , 22) . In the case of 3q27 translocations involving the BCL-6 proto-oncogene, only one breakpoint cluster has been identified to date (3) . This breakpoint cluster, termed BCL-6 MBR, is detectable at the molecular level in ~50–60% of lymphoma cases carrrying the 3q27 translocation (3, 4, 5) . The occurrence of lymphomas harboring 3q27 breaks but devoid of BCL-6 MBR rearrangements point to the putative existence of other BCL-6 breakpoint clusters. Here we report the identification of a novel ABR, which, together with the BCL-6 MBR, accounts for ~70% of the total number of 3q27 chromosomal breakpoints detectable in NHL cases.

The BCL-6 ABR is located at a distance of ~280 kb telomeric to BCL-6, raising the question of how the translocation induces BCL-6 deregulation. On the basis of the model of several other lymphoma translocations, the ABR breaks may exert several possible modes of BCL-6 deregulation. These include substitution of enhancer regions, a mechanism which has been well demonstrated for many B-cell-associated oncogenes, including BCL-1, BCL-2, c-MYC, PAX-5, BCL-8, and BCL-9 (1) . Enhancer substitution results from the insertion of various IgH transcriptional control elements, such as the potent JH-CH intron enhancer Eµ, the 3'{alpha}E, or the 3'{alpha}-hs4, at the junction region of the translocation breakpoint (23) . An alternative mode of BCL-6 deregulation by ABR translocations consists in the removal of cis-acting regulatory domains in a fashion similar to that suggested for some rearrangements involving the c-MYC locus (24) . In the case of NHL cases rearranged at the ABR but not involving the Ig genes, it is conceivable that BCL-6 is deregulated by enhancer substitution of genes other than Ig genes. Finally, it cannot be formally excluded that ABR breaks affect genes mapping to 3q27 but unrelated to BCL-6. However, the genomic region surrounding ABR analyzed to date failed to reveal any functionally proven gene.

Our survey of BCL-6 ABR breakpoints in B-cell lymphoma defines that the frequency of ABR rearrangements is substantially lower than that of BCL-6 MBR. In fact, MBR rearrangements seem to be involved in ~75% of DLBCL cases with cytogenetically detectable 327 breakpoints (3q27+) (3) , whereas ABR rearrangements account for only a fraction (4 of 7, >50% in this study) of the remaining MBR-negative 3q27+ cases. Thus, ABR rearrangements are expected to account for ~12% of all 3q27 rearrangements, corresponding to an expected frequency of 4% in the overall DLBCL populations and consistent with the actual frequency observed in this initial study (2 of 84). Conversely, it is curious that the frequency of ABR rearrangements in FL appears to be similar, or possibly higher, than that of MBR rearrangements. Future studies on large panels of cases are needed to define whether BCL-6 ABR rearrangements preferentially associate with FL.

From a diagnostic standpoint, the results of this study point to the need of long range DNA analysis for the correct identification of all BCL-6 breakpoints occurring in lymphomas. In this respect, FISH provides a powerful tool to detect both MBR and ABR BCL-6 breakpoints, thereby surpassing the capabilities of conventional Southern blot hybridization analysis. In particular, highly predictive analysis of BCL-6 rearrangements can be performed by FISH using as a probe a 650-kb clone contig designed to detect breakpoints occurring both at the MBR and ABR, as well as those which scatter around the BCL-6 locus. Because a fraction of 3q27 breaks cannot be currently explained by BCL-6 breaks at MBR or ABR, FISH studies may also lead to the discovery of additional BCL-6 breakpoint clusters that, together with MBR and ABR, will recapitulate the molecular pathology of 3q27 breaks in B-cell lymphoma.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported in part by the National Institute of Health Grant CA-37295 (to R. D-F.); Istituto Superiore di Sanità, III Programma Nazionale di Ricerca sull’AIDS 1999 - Progetto Patologia, Clinica e Terapia dell’AIDS, Rome, Italy (to G. G.); and Fondazione "Piera Pietro e Giovanni Ferrero," Alba, Italy (to G. G.). M. P. B. was supported in part by the Mater College, Dublin, Ireland, and the Vocational Education Committee Co., Donegal, Ireland. M. P. B. was registered in the PhD program of medicine in University College Dublin, Ireland. D. C. is supported by a fellowship from Federazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro, Milan, Italy. Back

2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Science Pavilion, 1150 Saint Nicholas Avenue, Room 303B, New York, NY 10032. Phone: (212) 851-5273; Fax (212) 851-5256; E-mail: rd10{at}columbia.edu Back

3 The abbreviations used are: NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Ig, immunoglobulin; FL, follicular lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; MBR, major breakpoint region; ABR, alternative breakpoint region; FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization; PFGE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Back

Received 2/ 1/02. Accepted 5/17/02.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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