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Tumor Biology |
Vß3 and Vß5 Integrins and Promotes Cell Motility1
Department of Medicine [L. G., D. M., C. S. G., D. D. C.], Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics [D. D. C.], and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology [B. Y. K.], David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048 [B. Y. K.], and Gynecologic Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 [D. A. F.]
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Vß3 or Vß5 integrin, but not by anti-ß1 integrin antibody. Furthermore, Vß3 integrin, but not ß1 integrins, colocalizes to the focal adhesion plaques formed on PN. Cells plated on PN form fewer stress fibers and are more motile compared with those plated on fibronectin. We propose PN functions as a ligand for Vß3 and Vß5 integrins to support adhesion and migration of ovarian epithelial cells. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The adhesion of ovarian epithelial cells to the ECM involves both integrin-dependent and independent mechanisms (5, 6, 7, 8) . Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric receptors involved in both cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions (9) . The functions of integrins are not limited to cell adhesion, but also involve activation of cytosolic signaling cascades to mediate cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration (10 , 11) . Integrin expression is frequently altered in cancer cells (12 , 13) , which together with the changes in the ECM composition alters the adhesion and motility of cancer calls. Malignant ovarian epithelial cells also secrete their own ECM proteins including fibulin-1, tenascin-c, and VN (7 , 14 , 15) .
PN (formerly called osteoblast-specific factor-2) was originally identified as a 811-amino acid protein secreted by osteoblasts (16) . It shares a structural homology to insect fasciclin I and can bind heparin (17) and support adhesion of osteoblasts (18) , leading to a hypothesis that it functions to recruit and attach osteoblasts to the periosteum. Previously, we reported that PN mRNA expression is up-regulated in ovarian tumors (19) . In addition, two recent reports showed that serum levels of PN are elevated in patients with thymoma (20) and non-small cell lung cancer (21) .
We further characterized the expression and function of PN. PN transcripts were expressed in a number of normal organs, with a tendency for higher expression in fetal tissues. IHC analysis using polyclonal anti-PN antisera showed specific staining within the cancer cells in epithelial ovarian tumors. Purified recombinant PN promoted Vß3- and Vß5-dependent cell adhesion and spreading. Interestingly, ovarian epithelial cells spread on PN formed less stress fibers and were more motile, suggesting that PN secreted by the cancer cells may enhance their motility and invasiveness.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Anti-PN Antibodies.
Rabbit anti-PN antibodies were generated using bacterially expressed NH2-terminal hexa-histidine-tagged PN as the immunogen. The coding region of PN was cloned into the pQE60 (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) vectors and transformed into bacterial cells (BL21). The bacteria were cultured in LB-amp at 37°C to an early exponential phase of growth (OD600 
0.5) before the addition of 1 mM isopropyl-1-thio-ß-D-galactopyranoside. After and additional 3 h, bacteria were harvested and PN-his proteins were purified under denaturing conditions using Ni-NTA beads (Qiagen Inc.).
Ovarian Epithelial Cells.
HOSE and CSOC correspond to epithelial cells derived from the normal ovary and EOC. These primary cultures were prepared as described previously (19
, 22)
and maintained in MCDB 105:199 (1:1) medium supplemented with 10% FBS, penicillin (100 units/ml), and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). H281-hTERT was derived from HOSE cultures by transducing the catalytic subunit of hTERT (23)
. CSOC848-hTERT and CSOC272-hTERT/E7 were derived from CSOC culture by transducing hTERT alone or hTERT and the human papilloma virus E7 subunit. These cells have been passaged >70 times and are considered continuous cell lines. Sk-ov-3 human ovarian carcinoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and maintained in McCoy’s 5A medium supplemented with 10% FBS.
Immunoblot Analysis of PN.
When cell growth reached confluency, the culture media was replaced to complete medium without serum and incubated for an additional 4–5 days to obtain conditioned media. Ovarian ascites samples were from women with ovarian cancer (FIGO stage III or IV) undergoing debulking procedures. Nonovarian ascites were from patients undergoing therapeutic paracentesis for clinically indicated reasons. The conditioned media and ascitic fluids were centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 15 min and fractionated on a 6% SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing condition. The proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and blotted with anti-PN antibodies (1:5,000). After incubation with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antirabbit antibody (1:10,000; Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY), protein bands were visualized by chemiluminescence (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL).
IHC.
Paraffin-embedded ovarian tissue slides were processed for antigen retrieval by heating in 10 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.0) at 95°C for 25 min. The slides were blocked with 3% goat serum in 25 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl (pH 7.5) for 30 min and then incubated with anti-PN antibodies (1:1200) for 30 min. Subsequent substrate-chromogen development was carried out using a DAKO EnVision+ System, Peroxidase (DAB) kit (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA).
Preparation of Recombinant PN from Sf-9 Cells.
A COOH-terminal hexa-histidine-tagged PN (PN-his) was expressed in the insect Sf-9 cells using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Briefly, a hexa-histidine tag was added to the COOH terminus of the PN cDNA using PCR, and the resulting fusion construct was cloned into the pFastBac1 plasmid. The isolated recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10BAC cells harboring a baculovirus shuttle vector, and white colonies representing the clones that have undergone transposition were isolated. High molecular weight DNA was prepared from the isolated clones and used to transfect Sf-9 cells. The recombinant baculovirus was prepared as conditioned culture media and used to infect 2 x 109 Sf-9 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 5. PN-his was purified from 1000 ml of conditioned medium obtained 72 h after the infection. Briefly, the conditioned medium was adjusted to pH 8 with 1 M Tris and loaded onto a 10-ml heparin-Sepharose column (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) equilibrated with wash buffer [0.1 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8)]. The column was washed with 10x bed volumes of wash buffer, and the bound proteins were eluted with 1 M NaCl in 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8). PN-his protein in the pooled fractions was bound to Ni-NTA beads (Qiagen Inc.). After washing the Ni-NTA beads extensively in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 500 mM KCl, 20 mM imidazole, and 10% (v/v) glycerol, PN-his protein was eluted in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 100 mM KCl, 100 mM imidazole, and 10% (v/v) glycerol.
Solid Phase Binding Assay.
Exponentially growing ovarian epithelial cells were harvested by treatment with 0.05% trypsin/0.02% EDTA and suspended in serum-free media supplemented with soybean trypsin inhibitor (0.5 mg/ml). Fifty thousand cells were added to the 96-well plates that have been coated with PN (0.5–10 µg/ml), FN (0.5–10 µg/ml; Roche Diagnostic Corp., Indianapolis, IN), or BSA (1% w/v). After a 1-h incubation at 37°C, the wells were washed three times with Tris-buffered saline, fixed with 3.7% (v/v) formaldehyde in Tris-buffered saline for 30 min, and stained with 1% (w/v) toluidine blue overnight. After washing with distilled water until no trace of free dye was visible, the cells were lysed in 2% (w/v) SDS for 10 min. The absorbance (600 nm) of toluidine blue was measured and converted into cell number, using a standard curve generated from cells bound to poly-L-lysine (1 mg/ml)-coated wells. To demonstrate the specificity of cell binding to PN, the coated wells were preincubated with anti-PN antibodies (1:25 and 1:100) for 30 min, before carrying out the adhesion assay. Inhibitory anti-integrin mAbs LM609 (anti-Vß3; Chemicon Inc., Temecula, CA) and PIF6 (anti-Vß5; Chemicon Inc.) were used at 10 µg/ml. The mAb P4C10 (anti-ß1; Invitrogen Corp.) was used at 1:100 dilution.
In Situ Immunofluorescence.
Cells in serum-free growth media [MCDB 105:M199 (1:1) supplemented with 1% BSA] were plated on FN-coated (10 µg/ml), PN-coated (10 µg/ml), or VN-coated (5 µg/ml; Promega Corp., Madison, WI) glass coverslips. After 5 h, cells were fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde in PBS for 10 min and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 5 min. Focal adhesions were visualized by staining paxillin with anti-paxillin antibody (BD Transduction Laboratories, San Diego, CA). Integrin staining was carried out the mAb TS2/16 (anti-ß1; American Type Culture Collection), LM609 (Chemicon Inc.), or PIF6 (Chemicon Inc.) for 1 h before fixation. Cy-3-conjugated goat antimouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA) was used as the secondary antibody. Actin filaments were stained with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR).
Time-Lapse Migration Microscopy.
CSOC cells were plated on Delta-T glass dishes (0.5 mm; Bioptechs Inc., Butler, PA) that have been coated with PN or FN at 10 µg/ml or VN at 5 µg/ml. One and a half hours after plating the cells, the medium was refreshed and cell migration was monitored from images captured at 20-min interval from a Nikon Diaphot microscope equipped with a digital camera. The positions of the nuclei (n = 39 for FN; n = 31 for PN; n = 42 for VN) were tracked to measure cell movement. Cell velocity was calculated in micrometers per 8 h using the Image-Pro software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Springs, MD). Cell migration was carried out under serum-free conditions.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. Expression of PN in the normal ovaries was negligible. Interestingly, the expression of PN was high in the majority of fetal tissue. This fetal pattern of expression was also suggested when the circulating level of PN in bovine serum was estimated. In immunoblot analysis, a strong 
90 kDa band corresponding to PN can be readily detected from 0.8 µl of FCS (Fig. 1B)
. We were unable to detect a specific signal for PN in up to 12.5 µl of newborn calf (Fig. 1B)
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90 kDa in the conditioned media of cultured epithelial cells derived from EOC (Fig. 2A)
. PN was either absent or low in the conditioned media of the normal ovarian epithelial cells. PN undergoes alternative splicing (18)
, which accounts for the appearance of multiple bands of 90 kDa size. The immunoblot analysis also revealed an additional higher molecular weight band migrating 170 kDa. This form is also seen in the conditioned media of Sk-ov-3 cells that have been transfected with the PN cDNA and is likely to represent a covalently linked multimer rather than an alternatively spliced isoform.
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. Anti-PN antisera (1:1200 dilution) stained tumor nodule, but not the adjacent normal ovarian tissue (Fig. 2D)
. In another EOC sample, intense staining could be seen in the carcinoma cells (Fig. 2E)
. Staining with preimmune sera in the same tumor samples was negligible, even at a 3-fold higher concentration (1:400 dilution; data not shown).
PN Accumulates in the Ovarian Ascites.
EOC often disseminates into the peritoneal cavity as tumor implants and creates large volumes of ascites. Immunoblot analysis revealed the presence of PN in 20 of the 21 ascites from ovarian cancer patients (Fig. 3A)
. The concentration of PN in ascites was variable but estimated at 1 µg/ml (our unpublished results). In a semiquantitative immunoblot analysis, the concentrations of PN in the ascites of patients 270 and 30 were >100-fold higher than that in serum (Fig. 3B)
. PN was also in the ascites of a breast cancer patient (2610), but was absent or low in ascites from nonovarian cancer patients (Fig. 3C)
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90 kDa protein, similar to the endogenous protein (Fig. 4A)
. The Ni-NTA column purified PN fraction contained additional protein bands, but was free of FN or VN (our unpublished results). PN-coated surfaces supported the attachment of HOSE and Sk-ov-3 in a concentration-dependent manner (Fig. 4, B and C)
. At a coating concentration of 5 µg/ml, PN supported cell adhesion equivalent to FN. Anti-PN antibodies specifically inhibited the adhesion of Sk-ov-3 cells to PN, reducing cell adhesion by >82% at 1:25 dilution (Fig. 4D)
. Anti-PN antibodies did not affect cell adhesion to FN.
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Vß3 (24)
, further enhanced adhesion of Sk-ov-3 cells to PN nearly 2-fold (Fig. 5A)
. The effect on manganese on the adhesion of Sk-ov3 cells to FN was less dramatic. Sk-ov-3 cells express the ß1, Vß3, and Vß5 integrins (Fig. 5B)
. The attachment of Sk-ov-3 cells to a PN-coated plate was inhibited by anti-Vß3 (LM 609; P < 0.001) or anti-Vß5 mAb (PIF6; P < 0.001), and further inhibited by the addition of both antibodies (Fig. 5C)
. Conversely, while the function blocking mAb to ß1 integrins (P4C10) inhibited the attachment of Sk-ov-3 cells to FN (P < 0.001; Fig. 5D
), it did not affect the attachment of Sk-ov-3 cells to PN. The adhesion of Sk-ov-3 cells to FN was partially inhibited by mAb PIF6 (P = 0.253).
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. Dense stress fibers emanating from the focal adhesion plaques can be visualized in these cells with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin (Fig. 6D)
. On PN, ovarian epithelial cells formed less stress fibers and focal adhesion plaques. In addition, the focal adhesion plaques were distributed mainly at the forward edge of the cell (Fig. 6B)
. This distribution of the focal adhesion plaques to the forward edge was unique to the cells spread on PN and was not seen in the cells spread on VN which, similar to PN, mediates Vß3- or Vß5-dependent cell spreading (Fig. 6C)
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. Under these conditions, Vß3 integrins were distributed diffusely and could not be localized to the focal adhesion plaques (Fig. 7D)
. On a PN-coated surface, an entirely different pattern emerged, where Vß3 integrins were found in a punctated pattern at the periphery of plasma membrane, similar to the distribution of focal adhesion protein paxillin, whereas the distribution of ß1 integrins were diffuse (Fig. 7, B and E)
. On VN, both ß1 and Vß3 integrins localized to the focal adhesion plaques (Fig. 7, C and F)
.
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and 7
). This finding and the reduced number of stress fibers in these cells suggested that cells might be more motile on PN. We monitored the movement of cells with time-lapse microscopy (Fig. 8)
. On a PN-coated surface, cell motility was significantly higher (210 ± 13 µm/8 h) compared with a FN-coated surface (80 ± 10 µm/8 h; P < 0.001). The motility of ovarian cells on a VN-coated surface was 148 ± 22 µm/8 h (P < 0.05), better than on FN, but not as efficient as on PN.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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1ß1 integrin-dependent adhesion of chondrocytes and fibroblasts (29)
. ßig-h3 contains an RGD motif near the COOH terminus, but this integrin recognition site can be deleted without affecting cell adhesion (29)
. PN does not contain an RGD motif.
The COOH-terminal region of PN, outside the four fasciclin domains, undergoes alternative splicing to generate multiple PN isoforms. The immunoblot also revealed a larger form of PN migrating at 170 kDa that could not be accounted for by alternative splicing. ECM proteins, notably FN and VN, form disulfide-bound dimer or multimer (30
, 31)
. The 170-kDa form likely is a multimer (probably a dimer) of PN. This form is stable under reducing condition, indicating that it is not disulfide bound. The functions of different isoforms of PN need further investigation.
PN is overexpressed in a number of human tumors. To date, our group has examined PN expression in over 40 ovarian tissues and found that up to 30% of tumors are strongly positive for PN staining, with another 46% showing weak to moderate staining (our unpublished results). Besides EOC, PN expression is up-regulated in glioblastoma (32) , non-small cell lung cancers (33) , and melanoma (our unpublished results), and the serum levels of PN are elevated in patients with thymoma (21) and lung cancer (20) . PN is expressed in most normal tissues, except in the brain, ovary, and hematopoeitic organs. The broad tissue distribution of PN expression suggests that it has a more generalized function that is not limited to bone formation. PN expression tends to be higher in fetal tissues, and the serum level of PN in fetal calf is significantly higher than that in newborn calf. This preferential expression in fetal tissue, together with its up-regulation in tumors, suggests PN has an "oncofetal" pattern of expression, similar to VN and the ED-B isoform of FN (34, 35, 36) .
We have not been able to detect any significant change in the serum levels of PN in women with ovarian cancer compared with the normal controls (our unpublished results). However, the majority of ascites from ovarian cancer patients contains high levels of PN. We have shown that ovarian epithelial cancer cells secrete PN, which most likely accounts for the accumulation of PN in the ascites. Alternatively, carcinomatosis and the generalized inflammatory process associated with it may up-regulate PN expression from the mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal cavity. One contributing factor for the development of ascites is the increased permeability of vessels (37) . A passive transfer of PN in circulation to the peritoneal cavity, however, is viewed unlikely because the level of PN in ascites can exceed 100 times that in serum or plasma.
Purified PN supports integrin-dependent adhesion and spreading of ovarian epithelial cells. First, the adhesion requires divalent cation and can be stimulated by Mn2+, which increases the ligand-binding activity of several integrins (38)
. Second, the mAbs to Vß3 or Vß5 integrin suppressed the adhesion individually, and completely abolished the adhesion when combined. Third, when cells were allowed to spread on PN, Vß3 integrin localized to the focal adhesion plaques, whereas the ß1 integrins were distributed diffusely throughout the cell. On FN, an opposite staining pattern emerged with the ß1 integrins localizing to the focal adhesion plaques and Vß3 integrin being distributed diffusely. The dependence of cell surface distribution of integrins on ECM composition has been reported previously (39
, 40)
. Altogether, these findings indicate that Vß3 and Vß5 integrins play a pivotal role in the PN-induced cell adhesion and spreading.
PN also confers more motile features to the adherent cells. Compared with cells spread on FN or VN, cells spread on PN display a recognizable front and trailing edge. In these cells the focal adhesion plaques are localized to the front of the cell, rather than being distributed throughout the ventral surface, as seen in cells spread on FN or VN. In addition, cells form fewer stress fibers on PN. The formation of focal adhesion plaques and organized actin stress fibers requires tension (41)
, which in part depends on the rigidity of the substrate (42)
. One possible explanation for our finding is that PN, compared with FN or VN, is a more pliable substrate. Alternatively, PN, through clustering V integrins, may trigger a different set of signals that favors motile features. The different morphological features of cells spread on FN versus PN correlate with cell motility. When cell motility was followed by time-lapse microscopy, cells were more motile on PN than FN.
Our finding that ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells secrete PN, which then accumulates in ascites, suggests that this oncofetal protein may play a role in the pathogenesis of EOC. PN, through promoting Vß3 or Vß5 integrin-dependent adhesion and migration of ovarian epithelial cells could promote i.p. dissemination. Another common feature of EOC is large volume ascites, stemming from neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced increase in vascular permeability. One factor believed to be important in the recruitment and proliferation of endothelial cells is the production of VN at the site of tumor. Like VN, PN could potentially stimulate neovascularization by serving as an "onco-matrix" protein to support Vß3 or Vß3 integrin dependent migration of endothelial cells.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Supported by grants from the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17919503) and the National Cancer Institute (Training Grant T32CA09297; to D. M.). 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Heme-Onc, Factor 11-934, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678. Phone: (310) 825-9759; Fax: (310) 825-6192; E-mail: ddchang{at}mednet.ucla.edu
3 The abbreviations used are: EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer; ECM, extracellular matrix; PN, periostin; FN, fibronectin; VN, vitronectin; IHC, immunuhistochemistry; HOSE, human ovarian surface epithelia; CSOC, Cedars Sinai ovarian carcinoma; hTERT, human telomerase; FBS, fetal bovine serum; mAb, monoclonal antibody.
Received 4/22/02. Accepted 7/17/02.
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vß3 and vitronectin expression by normal ovarian surface epithelial cells: role in cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Gynecol. Oncol., 75: 254-260, 1999.[Medline]
(1)ß(1). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1451: 196-205, 1999.[Medline]
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Y. Kudo, I. Ogawa, S. Kitajima, M. Kitagawa, H. Kawai, P. M. Gaffney, M. Miyauchi, and T. Takata Periostin Promotes Invasion and Anchorage-Independent Growth in the Metastatic Process of Head and Neck Cancer. Cancer Res., July 15, 2006; 66(14): 6928 - 6935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Yan and R. Shao Transduction of a Mesenchyme-specific Gene Periostin into 293T Cells Induces Cell Invasive Activity through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2006; 281(28): 19700 - 19708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Rios, S. V. Koushik, H. Wang, J. Wang, H.-M. Zhou, A. Lindsley, R. Rogers, Z. Chen, M. Maeda, A. Kruzynska-Frejtag, et al. periostin Null Mice Exhibit Dwarfism, Incisor Enamel Defects, and an Early-Onset Periodontal Disease-Like Phenotype Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2005; 25(24): 11131 - 11144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S E Bojesen, S K Kjaer, E V S Hogdall, B L Thomsen, C K Hogdall, J Blaakaer, A Tybjaerg-Hansen, and B G Nordestgaard Increased risk of ovarian cancer in integrin {beta}3 Leu33Pro homozygotes Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2005; 12(4): 945 - 952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Gaussin, G. E. Morley, L. Cox, A. Zwijsen, K. M. Vance, L. Emile, Y. Tian, J. Liu, C. Hong, D. Myers, et al. Alk3/Bmpr1a Receptor Is Required for Development of the Atrioventricular Canal Into Valves and Annulus Fibrosus Circ. Res., August 5, 2005; 97(3): 219 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. T. Tai, M. Dai, and L. B. Chen Periostin induction in tumor cell line explants and inhibition of in vitro cell growth by anti-periostin antibodies Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2005; 26(5): 908 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Lindner, Q. Wang, B. A. Conley, R. E. Friesel, and C. P.H. Vary Vascular Injury Induces Expression of Periostin: Implications for Vascular Cell Differentiation and Migration Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 77 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Li, S. Oparil, W. Feng, and Y.-F. Chen Hypoxia-responsive growth factors upregulate periostin and osteopontin expression via distinct signaling pathways in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1550 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Shao, S. Bao, X. Bai, C. Blanchette, R. M. Anderson, T. Dang, M. L. Gishizky, J. R. Marks, and X.-F. Wang Acquired Expression of Periostin by Human Breast Cancers Promotes Tumor Angiogenesis through Up-Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 2004; 24(9): 3992 - 4003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Matei, D. D. Chang, and M.-H. Jeng Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec) Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth through a Mechanism Dependent on Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor {alpha} and Akt Inactivation Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2004; 10(2): 681 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. E. Bojesen, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, and B. G. Nordestgaard Integrin {beta}3 Leu33Pro Homozygosity and Risk of Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, August 6, 2003; 95(15): 1150 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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) or FN (
) and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. D, Sk-ov-3 cells were adhered to a 96-well plate coated with 10 µg/ml of PN or FN in the presence of anti-PN antibodies. The dilutions of anti-PN antibodies are indicated. Cell adhesion was carried out under a serum-free condition in McCoy’s 5A. Bound cells were enumerated from dye uptake (see "Materials and Methods").
