Cancer Research Meeting Calendar EMT and Cancer Progression and Treatment
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Beasley, N. J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Harris, A. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Beasley, N. J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Harris, A. L.
[Cancer Research 62, 2493-2497, May 1, 2002]
© 2002 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

Hypoxia-inducible Factors HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} in Head and Neck Cancer

Relationship to Tumor Biology and Treatment Outcome in Surgically Resected Patients

Nigel J. P. Beasley, Russell Leek, Mohammed Alam, Helen Turley, Graham J. Cox, Kevin Gatter, Peter Millard, Sue Fuggle and Adrian L. Harris1

Oxford Centre for Head and Neck Oncology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE [N. J. P. B., G. J. C.], and ICRF Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine [N. J. P. B., R. L., M. A., H. T., A. L. H.], Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences [K. G.], Department of Histopathology [P. M.], and Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU [S. F.], United Kingdom


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Hypoxia within head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) predicts a poor response to radiotherapy and poor prognosis. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2 are nuclear transcription factors that regulate the cellular response to hypoxia and are important for solid tumor growth and survival. Overexpression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} was demonstrated in three HNSCC cell lines under hypoxia and tumor tissue versus normal tissue (n = 20, HIF-1{alpha}, P = 0.023; HIF-2{alpha}, P = 0.013). On immunostaining, HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} expression were localized to tumor nuclei; HIF-2{alpha} expression was also seen in tumor-associated macrophages. Expression of HIF-1{alpha} in surgically treated patients with HNSCC (n = 79) was associated with improved disease-free survival (P = 0.016) and overall survival (P = 0.027).


   Introduction
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
A low intratumoral pO2 in HNSCC2 predicts a poor response to radiation and low overall survival (1) . This is partly because of lack of fixation by oxygen of radiation-induced damage but may also be related to overexpression of hypoxia-inducible genes that promote cell survival (2) . Two of the most important transcription factors mediating the cellular response to hypoxia are HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha}. These transactivate many target genes, including glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and vascular endothelial growth factor (3) . Induction of these genes is part of the cellular response to an adverse environment and may give cells a survival advantage by promoting glucose transport, anaerobic metabolism, and angiogenesis (2 , 4) . HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} are critical for solid tumor growth, survival, and promotion of aggressiveness (5 , 6) with overexpression seen in many human tumors (7 , 8) . Overexpression of HIF-1{alpha} has been linked to poor outcome in cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma in patients treated with radiotherapy (9 , 10) . We sought to investigate the role of HIFs in the biology of HNSCC treated by a modality not dependent on hypoxia, i.e., surgery to determine whether the effect of HIF expression may be different in this context.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 
Cell Lines.
Human head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines UM-SCC22A, UM-SCC22B (courtesy of Dr. T. Carey, University of Michigan), SCC-25, and HeLa cells (American Type Culture Collection) were maintained in DMEM with 10% heat-inactivated FCS and 2 mM fresh glutamine. Cells were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (94.9% N2, 5% CO2, and 0.1% O2) for 16 h. Cells were harvested on ice and homogenized in lysis buffer [8 M urea, 10% glycerol, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 1% SDS, 5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl, 1 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml pepstatin, and 10 µg/ml leupeptin].

Fresh Tissue Samples.
Twenty paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples from primary HNSCC were snap frozen, sectioned, and stained with H&E to ensure they contained representative tissue. Samples were sectioned on ice and homogenized in lysis buffer as above.

Immunoblotting.
Cell and tissue extracts were protein quantified using the Bio-Rad dendritic cell protein assay (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) to ensure even protein loading between lanes. Hypoxic and normoxic HeLa cell extracts were used as positive and negative controls, respectively (8) . Proteins were resolved in SDS 6% polyacrylamide gels and transferred with a semidry blotter to Immobilon-P membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) overnight. For HIF-1{alpha} detection, MoAb 28b (11) was used at 4 µg ml; for HIF-2{alpha}, MoAb 190b (11) was used at 2 µg/ml; Glut 1 polyclonal rabbit antibody GT11-A (Alpha Diagnostic, San Antonio, TX) was used at 2 µg/ml. Detection was performed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse (HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha}) and antirabbit (Glut 1) immunoglobulins (DAKO, Ely, United Kingdom) at 1:1000 and enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Corp., Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). To additionally control for protein loading, blotted membranes were stained with Ponceau Red (Sigma Diagnostics, St. Louis, MO) to ensure even distribution of total protein between lanes. Quantitative analysis of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} protein expression was performed on the immunoblotting gels by densitometry (Fluorochem; Alpha Innotech Corp., San Leandro, CA).

LDH Assay.
Tissue extracts were protein quantified using the Bio-Rad dendritic cell protein assay to ensure even protein loading and LDH levels were measured using a colorimetric assay (Sigma Diagnostics).

Patient Material.
Previously untreated patients (79) with HNSCC (31 oral cavity, 23 oropharynx, 16 larynx, and 9 hypopharynx) were studied. Their median age was 62 years 17–92(17–92); there were 54 men and 25 women. A group of 29 tumors was early stage (T1/2), and 50 were late stage (T3/4); 38 were N0 at presentation, and 41 had metastatic spread to the neck nodes (N+). All had surgery with pathologically clear resection margins as their first line of management; 28 received postoperative radiotherapy because of their advanced stage. Tumor grade, margin of invasion, inflammatory infiltrate, and percentage tumor necrosis were assessed.

Immunostaining.
Tissue sections were cleared of paraffin, rehydrated, and blocked in hydrogen peroxide. Then they were pressure cooked for 3 min in Tris/EDTA lysis buffer (pH 9.0) before incubation with 1:20 MoAb ESEE 122 (anti-HIF-1{alpha}; Ref. 8 ) or neat MoAb EP190b (anti-HIF-2{alpha}; Ref. 8 ) with 5% normal human serum for 60 min or incubated with 1:100 MoAb Qbend 10 (anti-CD34; Dako) or 1:10 MoAb PGM1 (anti-CD68) in Tris-buffered saline for 60 min. HIF-1 and HIF-2 were developed using the horseradish peroxidase Envision System (DAKO) and CD34 and CD68 using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase system. Slides were counterstained with Hematoxylin. Tumor sections were graded as showing no expression (negative) or expression (positive) of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} in the tumor nuclei and tumor-associated macrophages (HIF-2{alpha} only). A case of renal carcinoma with known overexpression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} protein and normal kidney were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. MVD was determined in tumor microvessel hotspots using a Chalkley point counting.

Statistics.
The difference between expression of HIF-1{alpha}, HIF-2{alpha}, and LDH in paired tumor and normal tissue was determined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Correlation between the level of HIF-1{alpha}/HIF-2{alpha} and LDH levels in fresh tissue or MVD in the corresponding paraffin sections was examined using Spearman’s correlation. The difference in age, percentage of tumor necrosis, and MVD were compared for the two different categories of HIF-1{alpha} (nuclear) or HIF-2{alpha} (nuclear or TAM) expression using the Mann-Whitney t test. The association between the patient’s sex, tumor stage (two categories: T1/2 or T3/4), nodal stage (N0 and N+), tumor grade, margin of invasion, and inflammatory infiltrate was compared for the negative and positive categories of HIF-1{alpha} or HIF-2{alpha} expression using Pearson’s {chi}2 test. Multiple logistic regression, using a forward variable selection technique (entry P < 0.1, removal P > 0.2), was used to identify which of the above variables were significant in predicting HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} expression. Disease-free and overall survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the Log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards model, using a forward variable selection technique (entry P < 0.1, removal P > 0.2), was used to identify which of the above variables (including postoperative radiation) were of independent statistical significance in predicting disease-free and overall survival. All statistics were done using SPSS software v9.0.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
REFERENCES
 
Expression of HIF-1{alpha}, HIF-2{alpha}, and Glut 1 in HNSCC Cell Lines.
HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} were overexpressed in all three head and neck cell lines under hypoxia with little or no expression in normoxia. Glut 1 was overexpressed in two of the three cell lines under the same conditions (Fig. 1a)Citation . These findings confirm that HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} are not overexpressed constitutively in these HNSCC cells lines because of genetic factors, such as mutation of the von Hippel Lindau gene, and that overexpression occurs in response to hypoxia. Overexpression of Glut 1 confirms the activity of these HIFs on downstream genes.



View larger version (45K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Fig. 1. HeLa cells in normoxia, negative control (C-); HeLa cells in hypoxia (0.1% O2 for 16 h), positive control (C+). a, expression of HIF-1{alpha}, HIF-2{alpha}, and Glut 1 in HNSCC cell lines (UM-SCC22A, UM-SCC22B, and SCC-25) on Western blotting in normoxia and hypoxia (N, normoxia; H, hypoxia; 0.1% O2 for 16 h). b, expression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} in paired tumor and normal tissue samples from 3 patients with HNSCC (T, tumor tissue; N, normal tissue). c, level of expression of HIF-1{alpha}, HIF-2{alpha}, and LDH in paired tumor and normal tissue samples from patients with HNSCC (T, tumor tissue; N, normal tissue).

 
Expression of HIF-1{alpha}, HIF-2{alpha}, and LDH in HNSCC Tissue Samples.
HIF-1{alpha} was expressed in all 20 HNSCC tumor samples with 15 of the 20 showing greater expression in tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue (Fig. 1b)Citation . Using densitometry to measure the level of expression of HIF-1{alpha} on Western blotting, a significantly higher level of expression was observed in tumor tissue [n = 20, tumor median 114 units of density (50–219), normal median 69 units of density 19–163(19–163), P = 0.023, Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test; Fig. 1bCitation ]. HIF-2{alpha} was expressed in 19 of the 20 HNSCC tumor samples with 14 of the 19 showing greater expression in tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue (Fig. 1b)Citation . A significantly higher level of HIF-2{alpha} expression was observed in tumor tissue [n = 19, tumor median 54 units of density (27–267), normal median 32 units of density 17–97(17–97), P = 0.013, Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test; Fig. 1bCitation ]. HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} expression were seen in some samples of adjacent normal tissue. Levels of LDH were significantly higher in the 16 of the 20 tumor samples when compared with adjacent normal tissue [n = 20, tumor median 161 units of density (41–450), normal median 76 units of density (20–211), P = 0.002, Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test; Fig. 1bCitation ].

Overexpression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} in tumor samples demonstrates that these hypoxia-inducible transcription factors are induced in HNSCC. Overexpression of the downstream target gene LDH in tumor tissue suggests they are transcriptionally active. This overexpression is most likely because of changes in the local environment, particularly hypoxia (1) . Overexpression of the HIFs in adjacent normal tissue fits with their demonstration in normal epithelium, overlying the tumor on immunohistochemistry in this study (data not shown) and others (7 , 8 , 12) . This overexpression may be because of local hypoxia in the tissues secondary to the increased interstitial pressure exerted by the tumor, shunting, or the accumulation of metabolic products that affect oxygen delivery and consumption by tissues proximal to the tumor (12) .

Correlation between HIF-1{alpha}/HIF-2{alpha} Expression and LDH/MVD.
There was no significant correlation between HIF-1{alpha}/HIF-2{alpha} expression and LDH expression in frozen tumor tissue or MVD in corresponding paraffin-embedded tissue. This lack of direct correlation between the HIFs and LDH or MVD is not surprising, given the diversity of other biological processes involved in the expression of LDH and promotion of angiogenesis. Other studies have similarly found a lack of direct correlation between hypoxia and angiogenesis (10 , 13) .

Localization of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} Expression on Immunostaining in HNSCC.
HIF-1{alpha} expression was identified in 69 of 79 tumors on immunostaining; 10 cases were excluded (excessive background/poor staining). Expression was largely nuclear and was seen throughout the tumor area, including the perinecrotic region of the tumor and the tumor stromal interface (Fig. 2a)Citation . In positive areas, only a proportion of the nuclei stained positive. Nuclear localization of HIF-1{alpha} and the heterogeneous distribution of expression throughout the tumor area are consistent with other studies, where expression was often concentrated in the perinecrotic regions, and at the tumor/stroma interface (7 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14) . This heterogeneous expression pattern may be in part explained by the variable blood flow, high oxygen consumption, and longitudinal vascular oxygen gradients within the tumors, resulting in zonal regional of hypoxia (15, 16, 17) . Another factor may be the recently demonstrated improved survival of HIF-1-/- cells distant from blood vessels in animal tumor models (18) . HIF-1{alpha} is known to play a role in the promotion of apoptosis in tumor cells (19) , and HIF-1-/- cells may have a survival advantage being less dependent on vascular supply.



View larger version (119K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Fig. 2. Expression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} on immunostaining in HNSCC. a, nuclear expression of HIF-1{alpha} (x400). Arrows, positive nuclei. b, nuclear expression of HIF-2{alpha} (x400). Arrows, positive nuclei. c and e, expression of HIF-2{alpha} in TAMs (x250). d and f, serial section of c and e showing CD 68-positive macrophages (x250). g, lack of expression of HIF-2{alpha} in normal tonsil tissue (x250). h, serial section of g showing normal CD68 macrophages present in the tonsil tissue.

 
HIF-2{alpha} expression was identified in 70 of 79 tumors; 9 were excluded (excessive background/poor staining). Staining was identified throughout the tumor in some of the nuclei without any particular predilection for perinecrotic tissues or the tumor/stroma interface (Fig. 2b)Citation , but marked overexpression of HIF-2{alpha} was identified in tumor-associated macrophages either in close proximity to the tumor or infiltrating the tumor stroma. These were confirmed as macrophages by examining serial sections stained for HIF-2{alpha} and CD68, a cell surface antigen specific to macrophages (Fig. 2, c–f)Citation . CD 68-positive macrophages identified distant from the tumor in a sample of normal tonsil were negative for HIF-2{alpha} (Fig. 2, g and h)Citation . This may be because of macrophages hypoxia from high metabolic activity and low perfusion or other local stimuli.

HIF-1{alpha}/HIF-2{alpha} Expression and Tumor Necrosis and Other Tumor Variables.
A higher percentage of tumor necrosis was the only variable associated with HIF-1{alpha} (nuclear) expression (n = 69, P = 0.035, Mann-Whitney) on univariate analysis; this significance was lost with the introduction of T stage into the multiple logistic regression model (Table 1)Citation . None of the variables were associated with HIF-2{alpha} (nuclear) expression, and tumor necrosis was the only variable associated with HIF-2{alpha} (TAM) expression (n = 70, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney) on univariate analysis. In the multiple logistic regression model, necrosis remained significantly predictive of HIF-2{alpha} (TAM) expression [P = 0.001, odds ratio 9.61 (2.76–31.52)]. Nodal stage was the only other variable introduced, using the forward selection criteria described, but it was NS independently (P = 0.09). The association between HIF-1{alpha} (nuclear) and HIF-2{alpha} (TAM) expression with tumor necrosis is consistent with the underlying mechanism of induction of the hypoxia-induced transcription factors. The lack of correlation with other tumor and host factors reflects the wide range of complex biological processes that mediate HIF expression and the effect they have on downstream genes.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Association between HIF-1{alpha} or HIF-2{alpha} expression in HNSCC on immunostaining and patient and tumor variables

 
HIF-1{alpha}/HIF-2{alpha} Expression and Disease-free and Overall Survival.
This study demonstrates a significantly better disease-free survival (n = 69, P = 0.016, Log-rank test) and overall survival (n = 69, P = 0.027, Log-rank test) in HNSCC patients with nuclear expression of HIF-1{alpha} (Fig. 3, a and b)Citation . There was no significant difference in disease-free or overall survival with HIF-2{alpha} (nuclear or TAM) expression (Fig. 3, c–f)Citation . In the Cox proportional hazards model, HIF-1{alpha} expression was the only significant predictor of disease-free [P = 0.028, relative hazard 0.364 (0.148–0.898)] and overall [P = 0.035, relative hazard 0.292 (0.093–0.915)] survival. No other variables significantly changed the model. These findings contrast with recently published results suggesting that HIF-1{alpha} overexpression is associated with poor outcome in patients with cervical and oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy (9 , 10) . However, in this series of surgically treated patients, the significant interaction of tumor hypoxia with radiation (1) can be separated from that because of tumor biology, and a superior disease-free and overall survival have been demonstrated in HIF-1-expressing tumors. This may reflect the potentially aggressive nature of HIF-1-/- tumor cells, which lose their normal ability to undergo apoptosis at a distance from blood vessels reducing their dependence on vascular supply. It is known that tumor cells show reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis under hypoxia in HIF-1-competent cells (20), and it has been demonstrated recently that low, rather than high, expression of HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} is associated with better clonogenic survival in breast carcinoma cell lines (3) . Thus, although HIF regulates many genes that may enhance tumor growth, the overall balance of activation effects may depend on the type of cancer and treatment modality.



View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Fig. 3. Kaplan-Meier survival plots for disease-free survival. a, HIF-1{alpha}- and HIF-1{alpha}+ (P = 0.016, Log-rank test); b, nuclear HIF-2{alpha}- and HIF-2{alpha}+ (NS); c, TAM HIF-2{alpha}- and HIF-2{alpha}+ (NS) and overall survival; d, HIF-1{alpha}- and HIF-1{alpha}+ (P = 0.027, Log-rank test); e, nuclear HIF-2{alpha}- and HIF-2{alpha}+ (NS); f, TAM HIF-2{alpha}- and HIF-2{alpha}+ (NS).

 
There is hope that the HIFs may be suitable targets for future therapy, but caution should be exercised, as the specificity of interactions with this system, its specificity to areas of tumor rather than physiological hypoxia, and the overall effect of inhibiting the HIF system are unclear but could have significant implications for its potential clinical use (4) .


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at ICRF Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom. E-mail: aharris.lab{at}icrf.icnet.uk Back

2 The abbreviations used are: HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Glut 1, glucose transporter 1; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MoAb, monoclonal antibody; NS, not significant; MVD, microvessel density; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage. Back

Received 10/12/01. Accepted 3/18/02.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Brizel D. M., Dodge R. K., Clough R. W., Dewhirst M. W. Oxygenation of head and neck cancer: changes during radiotherapy and impact on treatment outcome. Radiother. Oncol., 53: 113-117, 1999.[Medline]
  2. Semenza G. L. HIF-1 and human disease: one highly involved factor. Genes Dev., 14: 1983-1991, 2000.[Free Full Text]
  3. Blancher C., Moore J. W., Talks K. L., Houlbrook S., Harris A. L. Relationship of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} expression to vascular endothelial growth factor induction and hypoxia survival in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res., 60: 7106-7113, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Ratcliffe P. J., Pugh C. W., Maxwell P. H. Targeting tumors through the HIF system. Nat. Med., 6: 1315-1316, 2000.[Medline]
  5. Maxwell P. H., Dachs G. U., Gleadle J. M., Nicholls L. G., Harris A. L., Stratford I. J., Hankinson O., Pugh C. W., Ratcliffe P. J. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates gene expression in solid tumors and influences both angiogenesis and tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 8104-8109, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Ryan H. E., Poloni M., McNulty W., Elson D., Gassmann M., Arbeit J. M., Johnson R. S. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} is a positive factor in solid tumor growth. Cancer Res., 60: 4010-4015, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Zhong H., De Marzo A. M., Laughner E., Lim M., Hilton D. A., Zagzag D., Buechler P., Isaacs W. B., Semenza G. L., Simons J. W. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1{alpha} in common human cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res., 59: 5830-5835, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Talks K. L., Turley H., Gatter K. C., Maxwell P. H., Pugh C. W., Ratcliffe P. J., Harris A. L. The expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1{alpha} and HIF-2{alpha} in normal human tissues, cancers, and tumor-associated macrophages. Am. J. Pathol., 157: 411-421, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Birner P., Schindl M., Obermair A., Plank C., Breitenecker G., Oberhuber G. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1{alpha} is a marker for an unfavorable prognosis in early-stage invasive cervical cancer. Cancer Res., 60: 4693-4696, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Aebersold D. M., Burri P., Beer K. T., Laissue J., Djonov V., Greiner R. H., Semenza G. L. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha}: a novel predictive and prognostic parameter in the radiotherapy of oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res., 61: 2911-2916, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Wiesener M. S., Turley H., Allen W. E., Willam C., Eckardt K. U., Talks K. L., Wood S. M., Gatter K. C., Harris A. L., Pugh C. W., Ratcliffe P. J., Maxwell P. H. Induction of endothelial PAS domain protein-1 by hypoxia: characterization and comparison with hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha}. Blood, 92: 2260-2268, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Koukourakis M. I., Giatromanolaki A., Skarlatos J., Corti L., Blandamura S., Piazza M., Gatter K. C., Harris A. L. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1a and HIF-2a) expression in early esophageal cancer and response to photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Res., 61: 1830-1832, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. West C. M., Cooper R. A., Loncaster J. A., Wilks D. P., Bromley M. Tumor vascularity: a histological measure of angiogenesis and hypoxia. Cancer Res., 61: 2907-2910, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Zagzag D., Zhong H., Scalzitti J. M., Laughner E., Simons J. W., Semenza G. L. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1{alpha} in brain tumors: association with angiogenesis, invasion, and progression. Cancer, 88: 2606-2618, 2000.[Medline]
  15. Dewhirst M. W., Ong E. T., Braun R. D., Smith B., Klitzman B., Evans S. M., Wilson D. Quantification of longitudinal tissue pO2 gradients in window chamber tumours: impact on tumour hypoxia. Br. J. Cancer, 79: 1717-1722, 1999.[Medline]
  16. Dewhirst M. W., Secomb T. W., Ong E. T., Hsu R., Gross J. F. Determination of local oxygen consumption rates in tumors. Cancer Res., 54: 3333-3336, 1994.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Helmlinger G., Yuan F., Dellian M., Jain R. K. Interstitial pH and pO2 gradients in solid tumors in vivo: high-resolution measurements reveal a lack of correlation. Nat. Med., 3: 177-182, 1997.[Medline]
  18. Yu J. L., Rak J. W., Carmeliet P., Nagy A., Kerbel R. S., Coomber B. L. Heterogeneous vascular dependence of tumor cell populations. Am. J. Pathol., 158: 1325-1334, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Carmeliet P., Dor Y., Herbert J. M., Fukumura D., Brusselmans K., Dewerchin M., Neeman M., Bono F., Abramovitch R., Maxwell P., Koch C. J., Ratcliffe P., Moons L., Jain R. K., Collen D., Keshet E. Role of HIF-1{alpha} in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature, 394: 485-490, 1998.[Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
M. Scortegagna, R. J. Martin, R. D. Kladney, R. G. Neumann, and J. M. Arbeit
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Suppresses Squamous Carcinogenic Progression and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Cancer Res., March 15, 2009; 69(6): 2638 - 2646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Bone Joint Surg BrHome page
T. Kubo, T. Sugita, S. Shimose, T. Matsuo, K. Arihiro, and M. Ochi
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} and its relationship to tumour angiogenesis and cell proliferation in cartilage tumours
J Bone Joint Surg Br, March 1, 2008; 90-B(3): 364 - 370.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
P. Amornphimoltham, V. Patel, K. Leelahavanichkul, R. T. Abraham, and J. S. Gutkind
A Retroinhibition Approach Reveals a Tumor Cell-Autonomous Response to Rapamycin in Head and Neck Cancer
Cancer Res., February 15, 2008; 68(4): 1144 - 1153.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 The OncologistHome page
A. Wouters, B. Pauwels, F. Lardon, and J. B. Vermorken
Review: Implications of In Vitro Research on the Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Under Hypoxic Conditions
Oncologist, June 1, 2007; 12(6): 690 - 712.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Radiol.Home page
A Y Isa, T H Ward, C M L West, N J Slevin, and J J Homer
Hypoxia in head and neck cancer
Br. J. Radiol., October 1, 2006; 79(946): 791 - 798.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Jokilehto, K. Rantanen, M. Luukkaa, P. Heikkinen, R. Grenman, H. Minn, P. Kronqvist, and P. M. Jaakkola
Overexpression and Nuclear Translocation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase PHD2 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with Tumor Aggressiveness
Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 12(4): 1080 - 1087.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Nakanishi, S. Hiroi, S. Tominaga, S. Aida, H. Kasamatsu, S. Matsuyama, T. Matsuyama, and T. Kawai
Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Protein Predicts Survival in Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract
Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2583 - 2590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. McMahon, F. Grondin, P. P. McDonald, D. E. Richard, and C. M. Dubois
Hypoxia-enhanced Expression of the Proprotein Convertase Furin Is Mediated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1: IMPACT ON THE BIOACTIVATION OF PROPROTEINS
J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2005; 280(8): 6561 - 6569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
C. Tan, R. G. de Noronha, A. J. Roecker, B. Pyrzynska, F. Khwaja, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang, Q. Teng, A. C. Nicholson, P. Giannakakou, et al.
Identification of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Pathway
Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 65(2): 605 - 612.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
S. J. Kim, Z. N. Rabbani, R. T. Vollmer, E.-G. Schreiber, E. Oosterwijk, M. W. Dewhirst, Z. Vujaskovic, and M. J. Kelley
Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 10(23): 7925 - 7933.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Koike, N. Kimura, K. Miyazaki, T. Yabuta, K. Kumamoto, S. Takenoshita, J. Chen, M. Kobayashi, M. Hosokawa, A. Taniguchi, et al.
Hypoxia induces adhesion molecules on cancer cells: A missing link between Warburg effect and induction of selectin-ligand carbohydrates
PNAS, May 25, 2004; 101(21): 8132 - 8137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
G. Hopfl, O. Ogunshola, and M. Gassmann
HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): R608 - R623.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
S. Welsh, R. Williams, L. Kirkpatrick, G. Paine-Murrieta, and G. Powis
Antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic properties of PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha}
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2004; 3(3): 233 - 244.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
R. Giavazzi, B. Sennino, D. Coltrini, A. Garofalo, R. Dossi, R. Ronca, M. P. M. Tosatti, and M. Presta
Distinct Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis
Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2003; 162(6): 1913 - 1926.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
S. J. Welsh, R. R. Williams, A. Birmingham, D. J. Newman, D. L. Kirkpatrick, and G. Powis
The Thioredoxin Redox Inhibitors 1-Methylpropyl 2-Imidazolyl Disulfide and Pleurotin Inhibit Hypoxia-induced Factor 1{alpha} and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Formation
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2003; 2(3): 235 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
Q.-T. Le, P. D. Sutphin, S. Raychaudhuri, S. C. T. Yu, D. J. Terris, H. S. Lin, B. Lum, H. A Pinto, A. C. Koong, and A. J. Giaccia
Identification of Osteopontin as a Prognostic Plasma Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 9(1): 59 - 67.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Beasley, N. J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Harris, A. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Beasley, N. J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Harris, A. L.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online