This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Debes, J. D. Articles by Tindall, D. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Debes, J. D. Articles by Tindall, D. J.

p300 in Prostate Cancer Proliferation and Progression

¹ Departments of Urology
² Laboratory Medicine/Pathology,
^{3 3}Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota

	ABSTRACT

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion REFERENCES

 
Although prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in males, little is known about the mechanisms involved in its progression. Recent in vitro studies suggest that coactivators of the androgen receptor play an important role in PCa progression. We have shown previously that p300 is involved in androgen receptor transactivation. In the present work, we studied 95 patients with biopsy-proven PCa who underwent prostatectomy as treatment of their tumors between 1995 and 1998. We found that p300 correlated with in vivo proliferation (P = 0.009) as determined by MIB-I expression. Moreover, high levels of p300 in biopsies predicted larger tumor volumes (P < 0.001), extraprostatic extension (P = 0.003), and seminal vesicle involvement (P = 0.002) at prostatectomy, as well as PCa progression after surgery (P = 0.01).

Furthermore, we found that the disruption of p300 transcripts through small interfering RNA inhibited PCa cell proliferation both at the basal level and on interleukin 6 stimulation.

We conclude that p300 plays an important role in PCa cell proliferation, as well as PCa progression.

	Introduction

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion REFERENCES

 
PCa⁴ is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men, being second only to lung cancer. The mechanisms by which PCa progresses, both before and after hormonal treatment, are not entirely understood, thus limiting therapeutic possibilities. Several reports suggest that the AR coactivators are involved in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent PCa (1) . Indeed, the AR is present in most PCa, both androgen-dependent and -independent, and remains functionally evident by high levels of PSA (2) . AR coactivators have been widely studied at the molecular level to understand PCa progression (3 , 4) . Some coactivators have been shown to play a tumor suppressor role, whereas others are believed to be positive regulators of cancer progression. p300 is a transcriptional coactivator that has been related to a number of tumors (5, 6, 7) . We have shown previously that p300 is involved in the IL-6-mediated transactivation of the AR in the absence of androgens in PCa cells (8) . Others have shown a similar role of p300 in the presence of androgens (9) . Whether p300 is involved in the growth of PCa has not been established. In the present study, we show that p300 is involved in PCa growth and is a predictor of aggressive features of PCa. Moreover, we show that p300 plays a major role in PCa cell proliferation.

	Materials and Methods

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion REFERENCES

 
Cell Culture.
LNCaP cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) and maintained in RPMI 1640 (Celox, St. Paul, MN) containing 9% fetal bovine serum (Biosource International, Rockville, MD).

Proliferation Assays.
Cells were plated in six-well plates and transfected with siRNA oligonucleotides designed to target p300 (p300-siRNA) or control sequence as described previously (8) . Twenty-four h after transfection cells were plated in 96-well plates and treated with IL-6 (50 ng/ml) or vehicle alone. At indicated time points cell viability was assessed using Cell Titer 96 (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Additionally proliferation was measured using Cell Proliferation ELISA, bromodeoxyuridine (Roche, Mannheim, Germany).

Study Population.
Ninety-five patients were randomly selected from a sample of 454 patients with biopsy-proven PCa that were treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy between January 1995 and December 1998 without neoadjuvant therapy. After surgery, serum PSA measurements were made every 3 or 4 months for the first 2 years, every 6 months for the next 3 years, and annually thereafter. Systemic progression was determined by bone scan or computed tomography, and local recurrence was determined by clinical examination or needle biopsy. Cancer progression was defined as postoperative levels of PSA >0.4 ng/ml, local recurrence, or systemic progression of PCa. Additional details regarding the sample of 454 patients is described elsewhere (10) .

Protein Expression.
The expression of p300 was studied using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from needle biopsies by immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody for this protein (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and quantified by DIA using a CAS 200 image analyzer (Bacus Laboratories, Lombard, IL). MIB-I expression was determined similarly and as described previously (11) . In addition, all of the samples were visually graded in a blind fashion by the study pathologist (T. J. S.) to assess for the accuracy of quantification by DIA.

Apoptosis Detection.
LNCaP cells were transfected with p300-siRNA or control-siRNA. Forty-eight and 72 h after transfection apoptosis was detected using Annexin V Apoptosis detection kit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Statistical Methods.
The associations of p300 expression analyzed as a continuous variable with biopsy features were assessed using Spearman rank correlation and Wilcoxon rank sum test. The univariate associations of p300 expression with outcomes at prostatectomy and PCa progression after prostatectomy were assessed using linear, logistic, and Cox proportional hazards regression. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Ps < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

	Results and Discussion

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion REFERENCES

 
We have shown previously the importance of p300 in the ligand-independent transactivation of the AR in PCa cells, indicating that p300 may be involved in PCa pathogenesis and/or progression (8) . To assess whether p300 is involved in the clinical progression of PCa we evaluated 95 patients with biopsy-proven PCa. The dataset used represent a unique population of patients who have had clinical, biopsy, and prostatectomy findings reviewed. Thus, it allows for a detailed correlative analysis between p300 expression and a variety of clinicopathological parameters. The expression of p300 was quantified by DIA and visual grade. The mean p300 value, expressed as the percentage of total nuclear area positive for this marker, was 14%, and the median value was 10.5% (range, 0.03–56.4%).

First, we assessed the relationship between p300 expression levels and MIB-I expression, an in situ marker of cell proliferation. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.27 (P = 0.009), indicating that p300 expression on PCa biopsy correlated positively with MIB-I expression (Fig. 1A) . An association between p300 and cell proliferation index suggests that tumor volume at the time of surgery and other aggressive features including extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle involvement might also be associated with p300 expression. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient for the association of p300 and tumor volume was 0.39 (P < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of p300 on biopsy correlated with larger tumors at prostatectomy (Fig. 1B) . We also found a significant association between p300 expression and extraprostatic extension of PCa (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.10; P = 0.003; Fig. 1C ), as well as with seminal vesicle involvement (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03–1.12; P = 0.002; data not shown). The association between p300 and aggressive features of PCa suggests that this coactivator might be involved in some of the genotypic and phenotypic cellular changes associated with PCa. Therefore, we compared p300 expression with DNA ploidy content, as nondiploid DNA has been related to more aggressive cancers (10) , and with Gleason score, because Gleason score is independent of nuclear grade or DNA content. The mean p300 expression for diploid tumors was 11.1% compared with 17.8% for nondiploid tumors (P = 0.002), indicating that higher levels of p300 correlated positively with nondiploid DNA content (Fig. 2A) . The mean p300 expression for PCa with Gleason scores of <7 was 12.2%, of scores equal to 7 was 13.0%, and of cancers with Gleason scores >7 was 23.6% (Fig. 2B) . Whereas not statistically significant (P = 0.19), likely due to the few patients in the Gleason score >7 category (n = 9), there was a trend toward a positive correlation between p300 expression and higher Gleason scores, which correspond to more undifferentiated tumors (12) .

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. p300 correlation with aggressive surgical features and cancer progression. Expression of p300 (above the median expression) correlates positively with higher MIB-I expression (A), tumor volume (B), and extraprostatic extension (C). p300 values were categorized above and below its median value for illustration purposes only.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. p300 expression correlates with aggressive phenotype, genotype, and increased susceptibility to PCa progression. p300 levels correlate positively with nondiploid DNA content (A), higher Gleason scores, and PCa progression (C). In C, - - - - represents p300 expression values below 10.5%, ——— represents values above 10.5%. p300 values were categorized above and below its median value for illustration purposes only.

This positive correlation between protein expression and clinical features lead us to address the direct role of p300 in PCa cellular proliferation. For this purpose, we used the PCa cell line LNCaP. We have shown previously that transfection of p300-siRNA, designed to target and destroy p300, into LNCaP cells disrupts protein expression of this coactivator (8) . We transfected p300-siRNA into cells and assessed the effect on cell growth with a proliferation assay. We found that inhibition of p300 through siRNA decreased cell proliferation after 76 h when compared with control cells (control-siRNA transfection). Moreover, we found that androgen-independent induction of cell proliferation by IL-6 was no longer possible in p300-siRNA-transfected cells (Fig. 3) . These experiments were confirmed using a bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay (data not shown). These results suggest that p300 is involved in PCa growth, and, thus, may promote progression of PCa. In addition, the fact that p300 inhibition interfered with IL-6-induced cell proliferation suggests that p300 might play an important role in the androgen-independent progression of PCa. Early apoptosis signs were not detected in cells after p300-siRNA transfection (data not shown), indicating that the role of p300 in proliferation may involve alteration of the cell cycle. In this regard, p300 has been shown to interact with cell cycle-related proteins like the retinoblastoma protein (13) and cyclin B (14) .

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Decreased PCa cell proliferation on inhibition of p300. LNCaP cells were transfected with siRNA designed to target p300 (siRNA-p300) or control siRNA. After transfection cells were treated with IL-6 () or vehicle alone (). Cell proliferation assays were performed 24 and 72 h after siRNA transfection. Results are expressed in absorbance units at 495 nm (absorbance is directly proportional to the number of living cells). This figure represents three experiments.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Lucy Schmidt for critical review of the manuscript and Kenneth Peters for the preparation of figures.

	FOOTNOTES

 
Grant support:NIH Grants CA91956 and DK60920, the T.J. Martell Foundation, and the Yamanouchi USA Foundation.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Requests for reprints:Donald J. Tindall, Department of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905. Phone: (507) 284-8139; Fax: (507) 284-2384; E-mail: tindall.donald{at}mayo.edu

⁴ The abbreviations used are: PCa, prostate cancer; AR, androgen receptor; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; IL, interleukin; siRNA, small interference RNA; DIA, digital image analysis; CI, confidence interval.

Received 8/ 7/03. Revised 9/ 3/03. Accepted 9/11/03.

	REFERENCES

Top ABSTRACT Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion REFERENCES

 

1. Grossmann M. E., Huang H., Tindall D. J. Androgen receptor signaling in androgen-refractory prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93: 1687-1697, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Debes J. D., Tindall D. J. The role of androgens and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett., 187: 1-7, 2002.[Medline]
3. Li P., Yu X., Ge K., Melamed J., Roeder R. G., Wang Z. Heterogeneous expression and functions of androgen receptor co-factors in primary prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol., 161: 1467-1474, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Comuzzi B., Lambrinidis L., Rogatsch H., Godoy-Tundidor S., Knezevic N., Krhen I., Marekovic Z., Bartsch G., Klocker H., Hobisch A., Culig Z. The transcriptional co-activator cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein is expressed in prostate cancer and enhances androgen- and anti-androgen-induced androgen receptor function. Am. J. Pathol., 162: 233-241, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Tanra A. J., Shinno H., Kugaya A., Muraoka M., Oyamada T., Uchitomi Y., Yamawaki S. p300 gene alterations in colorectal and gastric carcinomas. J. Neural Trans., 103: 69-75, 1996.
6. Fan S., Ma Y. X., Wang C., Yuan R. Q., Meng Q., Wang J. A., Erdos M., Goldberg I. D., Webb P., Kushner P. J., Pestell R. G., Rosen E. M. p300 Modulates the BRCA1 inhibition of estrogen receptor activity. Cancer Res., 62: 141-151, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Bandyopadhyay D., Okan N. A., Bales E., Nascimento L., Cole P. A., Medrano E. E. Down-regulation of p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase activates a senescence checkpoint in human melanocytes. Cancer Res., 62: 6231-6239, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Debes J. D., Schmidt L. J., Huang H., Tindall D. J. P300 mediates androgen-independent transactivation of the androgen receptor by interleukin 6. Cancer Res., 62: 5632-5636, 2002.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Bash T., Fu M., Galbiati F., Albanese C., Sage D. R., Schlegel A., Zhurinsky J., Shtutman M., Ben-Ze’ev A., Lisanti M. P., Pestell R. G. p300 and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-associated factor acetylate the androgen receptor at sites governing hormone-dependent transactivation, J. Biol. Chem., 275: 21203-21209, 2000.
10. Sebo T. J., Cheville J. C., Riehle D. L., Lohse C. M., Pankratz V. S., Myers R. P., Blute M. L., Zincke H. Predicting prostate carcinoma volume and stage at radical prostatectomy by assessing needle biopsy specimens for percent surface area and cores positive for carcinoma, perineural invasion. Gleason score, DNA ploidy and proliferation, and preoperative serum prostate specific antigen: a report of 454 cases. Cancer, 91: 2196-2204, 2001.[Medline]
11. Sebo T. J., Cheville J. C., Riehle D. L., Lohse C. M., Pankratz V. S., Myers R. P., Blute M. L., Zincke H. Perineural invasion and MIB-1 positivity in addition to Gleason score are significant preoperative predictors of progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Am. J. Surg. Pathol., 26: 431-439, 2002.[Medline]
12. Cheville J. C., Tindall D., Boelter C., Jenkins R., Lohse C. M., Pankratz V. S., Sebo T. J., Davis B., Blute M. L. Metastatic prostate carcinoma to bone: clinical and pathologic features associated with cancer-specific survival. Cancer (Phila.), 95: 1028-1036, 2002.
13. Magenta A., Cenciarelli C., De Santa F., Fuschi P., Martelli F., Caruso M., Felsani A. MyoD stimulates RB promoter activity via the CREB/p300 nuclear transduction pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23: 2893-2906, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Wasner M., Tschop K., Spiesbach K., Haugwitz U., Johne C., Mossner J., Mantovani R., Engeland K. Cyclin B1 transcription is enhanced by the p300 coactivator and regulated during the cell cycle by a CHR-dependent repression mechanism. FEBS Lett., 536: 66-70, 2003.[Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. V. Heemers, T. J. Sebo, J. D. Debes, K. M. Regan, K. A. Raclaw, L. M. Murphy, A. Hobisch, Z. Culig, and D. J. Tindall Androgen Deprivation Increases p300 Expression in Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 67(7): 3422 - 3430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Okumura, M. Mendoza, R. M. Bachoo, R. A. DePinho, W. K. Cavenee, and F. B. Furnari PCAF Modulates PTEN Activity J. Biol. Chem., September 8, 2006; 281(36): 26562 - 26568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. R. Logan, L. Gaughan, S. R. C. McCracken, V. Sapountzi, H. Y. Leung, and C. N. Robson Human PIRH2 Enhances Androgen Receptor Signaling through Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 1 and Is Overexpressed in Prostate Cancer. Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(17): 6502 - 6510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Dai, O. Kim, Y. Xie, Z. Guo, K. Xu, B. Wang, X. Kong, J. Melamed, H. Chen, C. J. Bieberich, et al. Tyrosine Kinase Etk/BMX Is Up-regulated in Human Prostate Cancer and Its Overexpression Induces Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Mouse Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 8058 - 8064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Pienta and D. Bradley Mechanisms underlying the development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2006; 12(6): 1665 - 1671. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Stimson, M. G. Rowlands, Y. M. Newbatt, N. F. Smith, F. I. Raynaud, P. Rogers, V. Bavetsias, S. Gorsuch, M. Jarman, A. Bannister, et al. Isothiazolones as inhibitors of PCAF and p300 histone acetyltransferase activity Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2005; 4(10): 1521 - 1532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. U. Agoulnik, A. Vaid, W. E. Bingman III, H. Erdeme, A. Frolov, C. L. Smith, G. Ayala, M. M. Ittmann, and N. L. Weigel Role of SRC-1 in the Promotion of Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Tumor Progression Cancer Res., September 1, 2005; 65(17): 7959 - 7967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Debes, B. Comuzzi, L. J. Schmidt, S. M. Dehm, Z. Culig, and D. J. Tindall p300 Regulates Androgen Receptor-Independent Expression of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Cancer Cells Treated Chronically with Interleukin-6 Cancer Res., July 1, 2005; 65(13): 5965 - 5973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sato, M. Johnson, L. Zhang, S. S. Gambhir, M. Carey, and L. Wu Functionality of Androgen Receptor-Based Gene Expression Imaging in Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 11(10): 3743 - 3749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.E. Clark, T.M. Errington, J.A. Smith, H.F. Frierson Jr., M.J. Weber, and D.A. Lannigan The Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase, p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase, Is an Important Regulator of Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation Cancer Res., April 15, 2005; 65(8): 3108 - 3116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Debes, T. J. Sebo, H. V. Heemers, B. R. Kipp, D. A. L. Haugen, C. M. Lohse, and D. J. Tindall p300 Modulates Nuclear Morphology in Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., February 1, 2005; 65(3): 708 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B Kwabi-Addo, M Ozen, and M Ittmann The role of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in prostate cancer Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2004; 11(4): 709 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. I Scher, G. Buchanan, W. Gerald, L. M Butler, and W. D Tilley Targeting the androgen receptor: improving outcomes for castration-resistant prostate cancer Endocr. Relat. Cancer, September 1, 2004; 11(3): 459 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Debes, J. D. Articles by Tindall, D. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Debes, J. D. Articles by Tindall, D. J.