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Tumor Biology |
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-3914
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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subunit, resulting from intratumoral hypoxia and genetic alterations, has been demonstrated in common human cancers and is correlated with tumor angiogenesis and patient mortality. Here we demonstrate that hypoxia or HIF-1 overexpression stimulates Matrigel invasion by HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells, whereas this process is inhibited by a small interfering RNA directed against HIF-1. We show that HIF-1 regulates the expression of genes encoding cathepsin D; matrix metalloproteinase 2; urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); fibronectin 1; keratins 14, 18, and 19; vimentin; transforming growth factor ; and autocrine motility factor, which are proteins that play established roles in the pathophysiology of invasion. Neutralizing antibodies against uPAR block tumor cell invasion induced by hypoxia or HIF-1 overexpression. These results provide a molecular basis for promotion of the invasive cancer phenotype by hypoxia and/or HIF-1 overexpression. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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A consequence of increased cell number within a tumor is a corresponding increase in O2 consumption. Tumor progression and patient mortality are correlated with both microvascular density (3, 4, 5, 6) and intratumoral hypoxia (7) . The basis for this apparent paradox is that although angiogenesis is stimulated within tumors, the resulting vessels are structurally and functionally abnormal, resulting in a failure to deliver adequate O2. Tumor cell survival is thus dependent on the stimulation of angiogenesis and the metabolic adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia.
HIF-1 is a transcriptional activator, composed of O2-regulated HIF-1 and constitutively expressed HIF-1ß subunits (8)
, that functions as a master regulator of O2 homeostasis (9)
. Four lines of evidence indicate that HIF-1 plays important roles in tumor progression. First, immunohistochemical analyses indicate that HIF-1 is overexpressed in primary and metastatic human cancers and that the level of expression is correlated with tumor angiogenesis and patient mortality (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)
. Second, in addition to intratumoral hypoxia, genetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes (p53, VHL, PTEN) and oncogenes (SRC, HER2neu, H-RAS) induce HIF-1 activity (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25)
. Third, in mouse xenograft assays, genetic manipulations that increase or decrease HIF-1 activity are associated with increased or decreased tumor growth and angiogenesis, respectively (19
, 23
, 26, 27, 28)
. Fourth, HIF-1 controls the expression of gene products that stimulate angiogenesis, such as VEGF, and that promote metabolic adaptation to hypoxia, such as glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, providing a molecular basis for its effects on tumor growth and angiogenesis (9
, 29, 30, 31)
.
Intratumoral hypoxia is correlated with an increased risk of invasion in human cancer (7)
and rodent xenografts (32)
, indicating that the hypoxic tumor microenvironment may select for mutations that promote survival (33)
and invasion. An alternate, but not mutually exclusive, hypothesis is that hypoxia acts as a physiological stimulus to induce expression of genes the products of which promote invasion. This model is supported by studies demonstrating that tumor cells that are transiently subjected to hypoxia manifest increased rates of invasion through basement membrane ex vivo (34)
. HIF-1 overexpression was observed in human brain and colon cancer biopsies at the invading tumor margin (16
, 17)
. We hypothesized that HIF-1 overexpression, induced either by intratumoral hypoxia or by genetic alterations, activates programs of gene expression controlling invasion by cancer cells.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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(23)
using LipofectAMINE-Plus (Life Technologies, Inc.). To generate siRNAHIF-1, two oligonucleotides consisting of ribonucleosides except for the presence of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides (dTdT) at the 3' end, 5'-AGAGGUGGAUAUGUGUGGGdTdT-3' and 5'-CCCACACAUAUCCACCUCUdTdT-3', were synthesized and annealed (Dharmacon Research, Inc.). HCT116 cells were exposed to 100 nM siRNAHIF-1 in the presence of Oligofectamine (Invitrogen) for 4 h (36)
. Control experiments were performed using siRNA directed against UFP3B mRNA (provided by Josh Mendell and Hal Dietz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD).
Invasion Assays.
For invasion assays, 12-mm-diameter Transwell polycarbonate filters (12-µm pore size, Costar) in a modified Boyden chamber were coated with 100 µl of Matrigel (Sigma) at 1:20 dilution in serum-free medium and air-dried for 24 h. Five x 104 HCT116 cells in 200 µl of complete medium were seeded into the inner chamber. Six hundred µl of medium were added to the lower chamber, and the plate was incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2/95% air incubator (20% O2). For hypoxic treatment, plates containing the Boyden chambers were placed in a modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg) that was flushed for 3 min with a gas mixture consisting of 1% O2, 5% CO2, and 94% N2; sealed; and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Cells on the lower surface of the filter were scraped with a rubber scraper into the medium from the lower chamber, pelleted, resuspended in 50 µl of medium, and counted using a hemocytometer. Each condition was performed in quadruplicate, and the experiment was performed twice. Transfected cells were plated 24 h after the removal of the transfection reagent. Neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies against uPAR were used in Boyden chamber assays as described previously (34)
.
RNA and Protein Assays.
Total RNA was isolated from cells maintained at 20% or 1% O2 for 24 h (starting 24 h after the removal of Oligofectamine for transfected cells) using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc.). RNA (10 µg) was fractionated by 2.2 M formaldehyde- 1.4% agarose gel electrophoresis and transferred to Hybond N+ membrane (Amersham-Pharmacia) in 20x SSC. IMAGE Consortium cDNAs were isolated from plasmids (Research Genetics, Inc.) and 32P-labeled probes were synthesized by random primer-labeling (Roche). Prehybridization and hybridization were performed at 67°C for 1 and 2.5 h, respectively, in QuikHyb (Stratagene). The filters were washed in 0.1x SSC/1% SDS at 56°C for 1 h. Immunoblot assays were performed using monoclonal antibody H167 (17)
.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. We previously demonstrated increased growth and angiogenesis of tumor xenografts after s.c. injection of HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells that were transfected with an expression vector encoding HIF-1 (23)
. To assay the effects of hypoxia and HIF-1 overexpression on invasion, HCT116 cells were transiently transfected either with empty vector or HIF-1 expression vector. Transfected cells were seeded onto a filter that was coated with Matrigel, an experimental basement membrane, and exposed to 20% or 1% O2 for 24 h. The number of cells that digested Matrigel and migrated through the 12-µm pores in the filter were counted 24 h later. The invasiveness of tumor cells transfected with empty vector was significantly increased under hypoxic conditions (P < 0.005; Fig. 2A
). Compared with empty vector, transfection of cells with HIF-1 expression vector resulted in a highly significant increase in invasiveness under both nonhypoxic and hypoxic conditions (P < 0.00005; Fig. 2A
). The combination of hypoxia and HIF-1 overexpression resulted in the greatest number of cells invading through Matrigel. These effects were observed under transfection conditions that resulted in only a modest increase in HIF-1 protein levels (Fig. 2D)
.
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that, when transfected into cells, targets HIF-1 mRNA for degradation, thus reducing the expression of HIF-1 mRNA and protein. The invasion of HCT116 cells transfected with siRNAHIF-1 was significantly reduced as compared with mock-transfected cells under both nonhypoxic and hypoxic conditions (Fig. 2B)
. These effects were observed under transfection conditions that resulted in only a modest decrease in HIF-1 protein levels (Fig. 2E)
. Transfection of siRNA targeted to an irrelevant mRNA (siRNAUFP) had no effect on HIF-1 protein expression (Fig. 2E)
or on invasion (Fig. 2C)
, indicating that impaired invasion of cells transfected with siRNAHIF-1 was a specific result of HIF-1 loss-of-function. Thus, both gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that modest changes in HIF-1 levels have significant effects on basement membrane invasion by HCT116 colon cancer cells.
Analysis of Gene Expression in Mouse ES Cells.
To provide a molecular basis for the observed effects of hypoxia and HIF-1 overexpression on tumor cell invasion, we sought to identify HIF-1 target genes that encode proteins with established roles in this process. Degradation of basement membrane (Fig. 1B)
requires the production of ECM proteases (2)
. The protein uPAR binds to uPA, and the complex catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades ECM (Fig. 1E)
, both by acting directly and by activating latent metalloproteases, including MMP2. MMP2 degrades type IV collagen, the principal basement membrane protein. MMP2 expression is detectable in most invasive colon adenocarcinomas but not in normal colonic epithelium or benign polyps (2)
. Cathepsin D is a protease that activates cathepsin B (Fig. 1E)
, an activator of uPAR (37)
. Mouse ES cells that were wild-type (Hif1a+/+) or homozygous for a knockout allele resulting in loss of HIF-1 expression (Hif1a-/-; Ref. 9
) were exposed to 20% or 1% O2 for 24 h, and total RNA was isolated for blot hybridization assays. Expression of mRNAs encoding uPAR, MMP2, and cathepsin D was induced by hypoxia in wild-type ES cells, whereas no induction was observed in Hif1a-/- cells (Fig. 3A)
. In contrast, uPA mRNA was constitutively expressed in wild-type and Hif1a-/- cells.
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. One of the major ECM proteins associated with tumor invasion is fibronectin 1 (38
, 39)
. As observed for mRNAs encoding ECM proteases, fibronectin 1 mRNA expression was induced by hypoxia in wild-type ES cells but not in HIF-1-null cells (Fig. 3A)
.
Cells in the center of a colorectal cancer maintain an epithelial phenotype, whereas cells at the invasive front exhibit a mesenchymal phenotype (Fig. 1D)
characterized by a loss of cell-cell contacts and increased expression of fibronectin and vimentin (40)
. Reprogramming of intermediate filament expression leading to the production of vimentin, either alone or in combination with specific keratins, promotes tumor cell invasion (41)
. Expression of mRNAs encoding vimentin and keratins 14, 18, and 19 was induced by hypoxia in Hif1a+/+ cells, whereas their expression was markedly reduced in Hif1a-/- cells (Fig. 3B)
.
Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Cancer Cells.
To complement the data obtained by analysis of mouse ES cells with HIF-1 loss-of-function, we analyzed gene expression in human 786-0 RCCs that lack functional VHL protein (35)
. VHL is required for the O2-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1 and of HIF-2, which also dimerizes with HIF-1ß and activates HIF-1 target genes (22
, 42, 43, 44)
. In the absence of VHL, HIF-1 target genes are constitutively expressed under nonhypoxic conditions (35)
. Transfection of a wild-type VHL expression vector into 786-0 cells corrects the defect and restores O2-regulated gene expression. As reported previously (35)
, expression of the HIF-1 target gene VEGF was induced by hypoxia in VHL-expressing RCCs, whereas VHL-null RCCs expressed VEGF mRNA at high levels under nonhypoxic conditions (Fig. 4)
. Similarly, expression of MMP and uPAR mRNAs was also regulated by hypoxia and VHL. Expression of mRNA encoding TGF-, which stimulates cell proliferation, migration, and uPAR synthesis, was also regulated by hypoxia in a VHL-dependent manner (Fig. 4)
. In contrast, expression of Ku86 mRNA was not induced by hypoxia or VHL loss-of-function in 786-0 cells.
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protein expression was partially inhibited by RNA interference, as described above (Fig. 2D)
. Expression of mRNAs encoding VEGF, TGF-, uPAR, and K19 was induced by hypoxia in untreated cells or mock-transfected cells that were exposed to transfection reagent alone (Fig. 5)
. Compared with mock-transfected cells, transfection of cells with siRNAHIF-1 resulted in reduced HIF-1 mRNA levels and a comparable reduction in the expression of VEGF, uPAR, TGF-, and K19 mRNAs under hypoxic conditions. mRNA encoding AMF, which has been shown to promote tumor cell invasion (45)
, was also expressed in a HIF-1-dependent manner in HCT116 cells. These results are in agreement with recent reports that hypoxia-induced AMF mRNA expression and motility in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated by HIF-1 (46)
. In contrast, expression of Ku86 mRNA was not induced by hypoxia in HCT116 cells and was unaffected by transfection of siRNAHIF-1, thus confirming the specific inhibitory effect of siRNAHIF-1 on HIF-1-dependent gene expression.
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expression vector, plated on Matrigel, and incubated for 24 h at 20% or 1% O2 in the presence or absence of a neutralizing antibody against uPAR. The anti-uPAR antibody significantly inhibited the stimulatory effect of hypoxia and/or HIF-1 overexpression on HCT116 cell invasion (Fig. 6)
. In contrast, a nonneutralizing anti-uPAR antibody that does not disrupt the interaction of uPAR with uPA had no inhibitory effect on invasion (data not shown). These results indicate that uPAR activity is required for the stimulatory effect of hypoxia or HIF-1 overexpression on the invasion of HCT116 colon cancer cells through basement membrane.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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overexpression, either as a result of intratumoral hypoxia or genetic alterations, leads to the increased transcription of genes the protein products of which contribute to basement membrane invasion, the defining feature of cancer cells (Fig. 7)
. The use of transient transfection to alter HIF-1 expression provides a stringent test by eliminating the possible selection of stable transfectants that, in addition to the transgene, contain other genetic alterations that affect their biological behavior. Furthermore, the level of HIF-1 overexpression that was achieved by this method was modest, both in comparison with the hypoxic response and in comparison with the level of HIF-1 overexpression observed in many human cancers. As a result, it is unlikely that our results are caused by high levels of HIF-1 saturating the available amounts of VHL and thus preventing the latter from performing other unrelated functions (an hypothesis that, in any case, could not explain the data from HIF-1 loss-of-function experiments using siRNA).
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overexpression. These results should be interpreted with four caveats in mind. First, transactivation of target genes by HIF-1 is cell-type specific, and it is not expected that the battery of genes reported here will be transactivated by HIF-1 in every cancer. Second, the data presented here do not distinguish between direct and indirect regulation of the identified target genes by HIF-1. Additional studies are required to identify, within each target gene, a functional HIF-1 binding site to conclude that HIF-1 is directly regulating gene expression. Third, for each of these target genes, HIF-1 is not the only transcription factor contributing to its regulation, i.e., HIF-1 exerts a modulating rather than an absolute effect on gene expression. Fourth, these data should not be considered a complete compendium of HIF-1 target genes that contribute to the invasive properties of human cancer cells.
With these caveats in mind, our results, nevertheless, indicate that HIF-1 overexpression affects multiple steps in the complex process of invasion by promoting the ability of cells to undergo mesenchymal transformation and to degrade, remodel, and migrate through the ECM. In particular, our demonstration that exposure of cells to either siRNA against HIF-1 or neutralizing antibodies against uPAR blocked the stimulatory effect of hypoxia or HIF-1 overexpression on invasion provides a direct link between HIF-1 target gene activation and basement membrane invasion by colon cancer cells. The functional relationship between HIF-1 and uPAR established here is consistent with the immunohistochemical detection of these proteins at the invasive front of human colorectal cancers (17
, 47)
.
Combined with its well-established roles in regulating angiogenesis and metabolic adaptation, these results add yet another dimension to the multifaceted involvement of HIF-1 in tumor progression. The coordinated activation by HIF-1 of a large battery of target genes, the protein products of which perform diverse but related functions contributing to tumor invasion, suggests that inhibitors of HIF-1 activity (49) may have therapeutic utility as anticancer agents.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 This work was supported by grants from the Children’s Brain Tumor Foundation and NIH (P20-CA86346 and R01-HL55338). 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CMSC-1004, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-3914. Phone: (410) 955-1619; Fax: (410) 955-0484; E-mail: gsemenza{at}jhmi.edu
3 The abbreviations used are: ECM, extracellular matrix; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; FBS, fetal bovine serum; RCC, renal carcinoma cell; VHL, von Hippel-Lindau protein; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; uPAR, uPA receptor; MMP2, matrix metalloprotease 2; ES, embryonic stem; TGF, transforming growth factor; K19, keratin 19; AMF, autocrine motility factor; siRNA, small interfering RNA.
Received 10/24/02. Accepted 12/27/02.
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 H. O. D. Critchley, J. Osei, T. A. Henderson, L. Boswell, K. J. Sales, H. N. Jabbour, and N. Hirani Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Expression in Human Endometrium and Its Regulation by Prostaglandin E-Series Prostanoid Receptor 2 (EP2) Endocrinology, February 1, 2006; 147(2): 744 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ben-Yosef, A. Miller, S. Shapiro, and N. Lahat Hypoxia of endothelial cells leads to MMP-2-dependent survival and death Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): C1321 - C1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Zhang, X. Tang, Q. Y. Lu, Z. F. Zhang, J. Brown, and A. D. Le Resveratrol inhibits hypoxia-induced accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} and VEGF expression in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma and hepatoma cells Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2005; 4(10): 1465 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Funasaka, T. Yanagawa, V. Hogan, and A. Raz Regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor expression by hypoxia FASEB J, September 1, 2005; 19(11): 1422 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. W. Newcomb, M. A. Ali, T. Schnee, L. Lan, Y. Lukyanov, M. Fowkes, D. C. Miller, and D. Zagzag Flavopiridol downregulates hypoxia-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} expression in human glioma cells by a proteasome-independent pathway: Implications for in vivo therapy Neuro-oncol, July 1, 2005; 7(3): 225 - 235. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. J. Phillips, J. Mestas, M. Gharaee-Kermani, M. D. Burdick, A. Sica, J. A. Belperio, M. P. Keane, and R. M. Strieter Epidermal Growth Factor and Hypoxia-induced Expression of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Is Regulated by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/PTEN/AKT/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway and Activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1{alpha} J. Biol. Chem., June 10, 2005; 280(23): 22473 - 22481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Frede, P. Freitag, T. Otto, C. Heilmaier, and J. Fandrey The Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin 1{beta} and Hypoxia Cooperatively Induce the Expression of Adrenomedullin in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells through Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Activation Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 65(11): 4690 - 4697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Korn, S. Rohrig, S. Schulze-Kremer, and U. Brinkmann Common denominator procedure: a novel approach to gene-expression data mining for identification of phenotype-specific genes Bioinformatics, June 1, 2005; 21(11): 2766 - 2772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Kaur, F. W. Khwaja, E. A. Severson, S. L. Matheny, D. J. Brat, and E. G. Van Meir Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible-factor pathway in glioma growth and angiogenesis Neuro-oncol, April 1, 2005; 7(2): 134 - 153. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S.-O. Yoon, S. Shin, and A. M. Mercurio Hypoxia Stimulates Carcinoma Invasion by Stabilizing Microtubules and Promoting the Rab11 Trafficking of the {alpha}6{beta}4 Integrin Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 65(7): 2761 - 2769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nitori, Y. Ino, Y. Nakanishi, T. Yamada, K. Honda, K. Yanagihara, T. Kosuge, Y. Kanai, M. Kitajima, and S. Hirohashi Prognostic Significance of Tissue Factor in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2531 - 2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Nakanishi, S. Hiroi, S. Tominaga, S. Aida, H. Kasamatsu, S. Matsuyama, T. Matsuyama, and T. Kawai Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Protein Predicts Survival in Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2583 - 2590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. L. Semenza Involvement of hypoxia-inductible factor 1 in preinvasive and early-stage cancer AACR Meeting Abstracts, April 1, 2005; 2005(1): 1459 - 1460. [Abstract]
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G. Cronwright, K. Le Blanc, C. Gotherstrom, P. Darcy, M. Ehnman, and B. Brodin Cancer/Testis Antigen Expression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Down-regulation of SSX Impairs Cell Migration and Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Expression Cancer Res., March 15, 2005; 65(6): 2207 - 2215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-P. Piret, E. Minet, J.-P. Cosse, N. Ninane, C. Debacq, M. Raes, and C. Michiels Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1-dependent Overexpression of Myeloid Cell Factor-1 Protects Hypoxic Cells against tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-induced Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., March 11, 2005; 280(10): 9336 - 9344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Hervouet, J. Demont, P. Pecina, A. Vojtiskova, J. Houstek, H. Simonnet, and C. Godinot A new role for the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein: stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex biogenesis Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2005; 26(3): 531 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. McMahon, F. Grondin, P. P. McDonald, D. E. Richard, and C. M. Dubois Hypoxia-enhanced Expression of the Proprotein Convertase Furin Is Mediated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1: IMPACT ON THE BIOACTIVATION OF PROPROTEINS J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2005; 280(8): 6561 - 6569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Ricker, Z. Chen, X. P. Yang, V. S. Pribluda, G. M. Swartz, and C. Van Waes 2-Methoxyestradiol Inhibits Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha}, Tumor Growth, and Angiogenesis and Augments Paclitaxel Efficacy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 10(24): 8665 - 8673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. F. McCarty Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways as a Strategy for Managing Prostate Cancer: Multifocal Signal Modulation Therapy Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2004; 3(4): 349 - 380. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Tsutsumi, T. Yanagawa, T. Shimura, H. Kuwano, and A. Raz Autocrine Motility Factor Signaling Enhances Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 10(22): 7775 - 7784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Vaupel The Role of Hypoxia-Induced Factors in Tumor Progression Oncologist, November 1, 2004; 9(suppl_5): 10 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Robertson, C. Potter, and A. L. Harris Role of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Tumor Cell Growth, Survival, and Invasion Cancer Res., September 1, 2004; 64(17): 6160 - 6165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Lin, S.-C. Tsai, C.-C. Lee, B.-W. Wang, J.-Y. Liou, and K.-G. Shyu Berberine Inhibits HIF-1{alpha} Expression via Enhanced Proteolysis Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2004; 66(3): 612 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Acker and H. Acker Cellular oxygen sensing need in CNS function: physiological and pathological implications J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2004; 207(18): 3171 - 3188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Giatromanolaki, M. I. Koukourakis, H. M. Sowter, E. Sivridis, S. Gibson, K. C. Gatter, and A. L. Harris BNIP3 Expression Is Linked with Hypoxia-Regulated Protein Expression and with Poor Prognosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2004; 10(16): 5566 - 5571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Okami, D. M. Simeone, and C. D. Logsdon Silencing of the Hypoxia-Inducible Cell Death Protein BNIP3 in Pancreatic Cancer Cancer Res., August 1, 2004; 64(15): 5338 - 5346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 O. Stoeltzing, M. F. McCarty, J. S. Wey, F. Fan, W. Liu, A. Belcheva, C. D. Bucana, G. L. Semenza, and L. M. Ellis Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} in Gastric Cancer Cell Growth, Angiogenesis, and Vessel Maturation J Natl Cancer Inst, June 16, 2004; 96(12): 946 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Wakisaka, S. Kondo, T. Yoshizaki, S. Murono, M. Furukawa, and J. S. Pagano Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 Induces Synthesis of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2004; 24(12): 5223 - 5234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. R. Laderoute, J. M. Calaoagan, M. Knapp, and R. S. Johnson Glucose Utilization Is Essential for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha}-Dependent Phosphorylation of c-Jun Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2004; 24(10): 4128 - 4137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Zelzer, R. Mamluk, N. Ferrara, R. S. Johnson, E. Schipani, and B. R. Olsen VEGFA is necessary for chondrocyte survival during bone development Development, May 1, 2004; 131(9): 2161 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Hopfl, O. Ogunshola, and M. Gassmann HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): R608 - R623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Mizukami, J. Li, X. Zhang, M. A. Zimmer, O. Iliopoulos, and D. C. Chung Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-Independent Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Hypoxia in Colon Cancer Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 64(5): 1765 - 1772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Semenza Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in human cancers: Mechanisms and consequences. AACR Meeting Abstracts, March 1, 2004; 2004(1): 1312 - 1313. [Abstract]
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A. Rapisarda, B. Uranchimeg, O. Sordet, Y. Pommier, R. H. Shoemaker, and G. Melillo Topoisomerase I-Mediated Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: Mechanism and Therapeutic Implications Cancer Res., February 15, 2004; 64(4): 1475 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Brat, A. A. Castellano-Sanchez, S. B. Hunter, M. Pecot, C. Cohen, E. H. Hammond, S. N. Devi, B. Kaur, and E. G. Van Meir Pseudopalisades in Glioblastoma Are Hypoxic, Express Extracellular Matrix Proteases, and Are Formed by an Actively Migrating Cell Population Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 64(3): 920 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Lastraioli, L. Guasti, O. Crociani, S. Polvani, G. Hofmann, H. Witchel, L. Bencini, M. Calistri, L. Messerini, M. Scatizzi, et al. herg1 Gene and HERG1 Protein Are Overexpressed in Colorectal Cancers and Regulate Cell Invasion of Tumor Cells Cancer Res., January 15, 2004; 64(2): 606 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. S Cherniack Oxygen sensing: applications in humans J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 352 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Erez, M. Milyavsky, R. Eilam, I. Shats, N. Goldfinger, and V. Rotter Expression of Prolyl-Hydroxylase-1 (PHD1/EGLN2) Suppresses Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1{alpha} Activation and Inhibits Tumor Growth Cancer Res., December 15, 2003; 63(24): 8777 - 8783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N Raghunand, R A Gatenby, and R J Gillies Microenvironmental and cellular consequences of altered blood flow in tumours Br. J. Radiol., December 1, 2003; 76(suppl_1): S11 - S22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Schioppa, B. Uranchimeg, A. Saccani, S. K. Biswas, A. Doni, A. Rapisarda, S. Bernasconi, S. Saccani, M. Nebuloni, L. Vago, et al. Regulation of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 by Hypoxia J. Exp. Med., November 3, 2003; 198(9): 1391 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Cuevas, R. Hernandez-Alcoceba, J. Aragones, S. Naranjo-Suarez, M. C. Castellanos, M. A. Esteban, S. Martin-Puig, M. O. Landazuri, and L. del Peso Specific Oncolytic Effect of a New Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Dependent Replicative Adenovirus on von Hippel-Lindau-Defective Renal Cell Carcinomas Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 63(20): 6877 - 6884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Sowter, R. Raval, J. Moore, P. J. Ratcliffe, and A. L. Harris Predominant Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor (Hif)-1{alpha} versus Hif-2{alpha} in Regulation of the Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 63(19): 6130 - 6134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Burke, A. Giannoudis, K. P. Corke, D. Gill, M. Wells, L. Ziegler-Heitbrock, and C. E. Lewis Hypoxia-Induced Gene Expression in Human Macrophages: Implications for Ischemic Tissues and Hypoxia-Regulated Gene Therapy Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2003; 163(4): 1233 - 1243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Fukuda, B. Kelly, and G. L. Semenza Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Expression in Colon Cancer Cells Exposed to Prostaglandin E2 Is Mediated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Cancer Res., May 1, 2003; 63(9): 2330 - 2334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J.M. ARBEIT Quiescent Hypervascularity Mediated by Gain of HIF-1{alpha} Function Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2002; 67(0): 133 - 142. [Abstract] [PDF]
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