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Immunology |
1 Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center and 2 Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; 3 Second Department of Pathology and 4 Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; and 5 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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production and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against C26 tumor in spleen cells. Recovered mice from the inoculation showed a tumor-specific protective immunity to the following challenge with parental C26 tumor. The antitumor activity of IL-27 was almost diminished in nude mice, and depletion of CD8+ T cells and neutralization of IFN- in immunocompetent mice reduced greatly the antitumor activity. Moreover, the antitumor activity was abolished in T-bet-deficient mice, whereas it was observed unexpectedly in mice deficient of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4. These results suggest that IL-27 has potent abilities to induce tumor-specific antitumor activity and protective immunity and that the antitumor activity is mediated mainly through CD8+ T cells, IFN-, and T-bet but not through STAT4. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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production and generating T helper cell 1 (Th1) responses and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) (1
, 2)
. In several comparative studies, IL-12 was revealed to be the most effective cytokine that could induce eradication of experimental tumors, prevent development of metastases, and elicit long-term antitumor immunity (3, 4, 5, 6)
. The great number of promising data obtained from the preclinical models of antitumor immunotherapy has raised much hope that IL-12 could be a powerful therapeutic anticancer agent. In the clinical trials, however, excessive toxicity was observed and has become a problem for clinical application of IL-12 (7
, 8) . Therefore, local and efficient expression of IL-12 or other cytokine genes in tumors is an alternative immunotherapeutic approach that may avoid systemic toxicity of recombinant cytokines.
A novel member of the IL-12 family was identified recently and termed IL-27 (9)
. IL-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine that consists of a p40-related protein, EBI3, and a newly discovered IL-12 p35-related protein, p28. IL-27 is produced early after activation by antigen-presenting cells, is able to induce proliferation of naive but not memory CD4+ T cells, and synergizes with IL-12 in IFN- production of naive CD4+ T cells (9)
. An orphan receptor designated T cell cytokine receptor (10)
or WSX-1 (11)
with similarity to the IL-12 receptor ß2 (IL-12Rß2) subunit was shown previously to be important for initiation of Th1 responses. This receptor was identified recently as one of the receptor subunits for IL-27 and is necessary but not sufficient for IL-27 function (9)
. Interestingly, although activation of T cell cytokine receptor or WSX-1 is required for the initiation of Th1 responses, it is not necessary for the maintenance of Th1 responses (11)
. Therefore, IL-27 and IL-12 were considered to function sequentially in the initiation and maintenance of Th1 responses, respectively (9
, 11)
. This notion is supported by the fact that T cell cytokine receptor mRNA expression is high in undifferentiated Th cells but low in differentiated Th1 and Th2 cells (10)
. It has been reported recently that IL-27 induces T-bet and subsequent IL-12Rß2 expression, which is a key Th1 commitment step wherein naive Th precursor cells commence differentiation into Th1 cells by naive CD4+ T cells through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 activation (12)
.
In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo antitumor activity of the novel IL-12 family member IL-27 against a murine tumor model of colon carcinoma C26. We have found that IL-27 has potent abilities to induce tumor-specific antitumor activity and protective immunity and that the antitumor activity is mediated mainly through CD8+ T cells, IFN-, and T-bet but unexpectedly not through STAT4. This is the first report on the antitumor activity of IL-27.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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Preparation of C26 Transfectants.
Mouse IL-12 p40 and p35 and IL-27 EBI3 and p28 cDNA were isolated by reverse transcription-PCR using total RNA prepared from conA-activated spleen cells. For preparation of single-chain (sc) IL-12 and IL-27 expression vectors, fragments encoding the mature part of p40 or EBI3, followed by the (Gly4Ser)3 linker and then by the mature coding sequence of p35 or p28, respectively, were generated by using standard PCR methods and cloned into p3xFLAG-CMV-9 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) vector, which has preprotrypsin signal peptide and 3xFLAG-epitope-tag sequences at N-terminal (15)
. C26 cells then were transfected with these expression vectors or the empty vector using Fugene 6 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN) and selected with geneticin (G418).
Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot Analysis.
Each transfectant (1 x 10 6 cells/ml) was cultured for 48 h, and the culture supernatant was used for analysis of secreted IL-27 and IL-12 proteins. The supernatant was incubated with anti-FLAG (M2; Sigma Chemical Co.) conjugated to protein G-Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom) for 2 h at 4°C. After washing the beads, the complexes were separated on an SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Milipore, Bedford, MA). The membrane then was blocked, probed with anti-FLAG and antimouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, and visualized with the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
T-Cell Proliferation Assay.
Primary T cells were purified by passing BALB/c mouse spleen cells depleted of erythrocytes through nylon wool. The flow-through fraction was incubated with biotin-conjugated anti-CD8
, anti-B220, anti-Mac-1, anti-Ter-119, and anti-DX5, followed by incubation with antibiotin magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and passed through a magnetic cell sorting column (Miltenyi Biotec), and the negative fraction was collected (CD4+ T cells >95%). CD4+ T cells then were incubated with anti-CD62L magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec), and the positive fraction was collected as naive CD4+ T cells (CD62L+ cells >99%). For measurement of proliferation induced by IL-12, primary CD4+ T cells (1 x 106 cells/ml) were stimulated with 2 µg/ml plate-coated anti-CD3 (145–2C11; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) for 4 days, and after washing, they were cultured additionally overnight. These activated CD4+ T cells (4 x 104 cells/200 µl) then were stimulated with culture supernatant of each C26 transfectant for 2 days and pulsed with [3H]thymidine for 6 h. For measurement of proliferation induced by IL-27, naive CD4+ T cells (2 x 105 cells/200 µl) were stimulated with plate-coated anti-CD3 (2 µg/ml) in the presence of 100 µg/ml anti-IL-2 (S4B6; American Type Culture Collection) and culture supernatant of each C26 transfectant for 4 days and pulsed with [3H]thymidine for 20 h.
IFN- Production Assay.
The spleen was removed from each mouse, and spleen cells (5 x 106 cells/ml) were restimulated in vitro by coculture with C26 parental tumor cells (5 x 105 cells/ml) irradiated with 150 Gy for 2 days. These culture supernatants were collected and assayed for INF- production by ELISA as described previously (16)
.
Cytotoxicity Assay.
The spleen was removed from each mouse, and spleen cells (5 x 106 cells/ml) were restimulated in vitro by coculture with C26 parental tumor cells (5 x 105 cells/ml) irradiated with 150 Gy for 5 days and used as effector cells in a standard 51Cr release assay. C26 parental tumor cells (1 x 106 cells) were labeled by incubating in 100 µCi 51Cr for 1 h at 37°C and washing three times. Labeled target cells (1 x 104 cells/200 µl/well) and serial dilutions of effector cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum in a 96-well U-bottomed plate at 37°C for 4 h. Supernatants then were analyzed in a scintillation counter. The percentage of lysis was determined for each triplicate experiment as (experimental count - spontaneous count) x 100/(maximal count - spontaneous count). Results were expressed as the percentage of specific lysis.
Depletion of CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells and Neutralization of IFN- with Monoclonal Antibodies.
For depletion or neutralization with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), each mouse was injected i.p. with 0.5 mg rat antimouse CD8 (53-6.7), anti-CD4 (GK1.5), anti-IFN- (XMG1.2; all from American Type Culture Collection) mAbs, or normal rat IgG (Sigma Chemical Co.) as control antibody in 200 µl PBS 1 day before tumor inoculation, once daily for the following 3 consecutive days, and then twice a week.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. Large amounts of secreted scIL-27 and scIL-12 in each culture supernatant were observed but not in the culture supernatant of C26-vector. The proliferative activities to activated primary CD4+ T cells or naive CD4+ T cells then were compared among these C26 transfectants. The proliferation of activated primary CD4+ T cells was induced strongly by the culture supernatant of C26-IL-12 but not of C26-IL-27 or C26-vector (Fig. 1B)
. In sharp contrast, the proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells was induced greatly by the culture supernatant of C26-IL-27 but induced slightly by that of C26-IL-12 or not by that of C26-vector (Fig. 1C)
. Thus, C26-IL-12 and C26-IL-27 efficiently secreted bioactive IL-12 and IL-27 proteins, respectively. Moreover, there was no difference in cell growth in vitro and surface expression of MHC class I among these C26-IL-12, C26-IL-27, and C26-vector transfectants (data not shown).
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Production and Augmented Tumor-Specific CTL Activity.
. Similarly, C26-IL-27 also showed a significantly decreased cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. The palpable tumor mass observed in mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 (2 x 105 cells) disappeared after 
20 days as in those with C26-IL-12 (Fig. 2B)
. All of the mice inoculated with the C26-IL-27 survived healthily with a complete remission as those with C26-IL-12 (Fig. 2, B and C)
. To examine the mechanism underlying the antitumor activity of IL-27, we then analyzed IFN- production of spleen cells, which were obtained from mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 or C26-vector after 2 weeks and restimulated in vitro with irradiated parental C26 cells for 2 days. Greatly enhanced IFN- production was observed in the culture supernatants of spleen cells obtained from mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 as compared with those inoculated with C26-vector (Fig. 2D)
. Moreover, markedly augmented CTL activity against parental C26 tumor, but not against irrelevant syngeneic tumor MethA, was seen in spleen cells obtained from mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 and restimulated with irradiated parental C26 cells for 5 days (Fig. 2E)
. These results suggest that IL-27 has a strong in vivo antitumor activity with enhanced IFN- production and augmented tumor-specific CTL activity.
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, and data not shown). However, MethA tumor inoculated into these recovered mice or C26 tumor inoculated into nontreated mice grew vigorously (Fig. 3A)
. Spleen cells of mice then recovered from inoculation with C26-IL-27 or C26-IL-12; nontreated mice were cultured with irradiated C26 for 2 days; and culture supernatants were analyzed for IFN-. As reported previously (4, 5, 6)
, C26-IL-12 enhanced greatly the IFN- production (Fig. 3B)
. Similarly, C26-IL-27 significantly augmented it compared with nontreated mice (Fig. 3B)
. Consistent with the increased IFN- production, CTL activities against parental tumor C26 but not irrelevant tumor MethA of spleen cells, which were obtained from mice recovered from inoculation with C26-IL-27 or C26-IL-12 and restimulated in vitro with irradiated C26 for 5 days, were augmented (Fig. 3C)
. These results suggest that IL-27 induces a potent tumor-specific protective immunity.
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, and CD4+ T Cells in the Induction of Antitumor Activity by IL-27.
. No significant difference of survival rates between mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 and C26-vector also was observed (Fig. 4B)
. We then treated immunocompetent BALB/c mice with neutralizing anti-IFN- mAb or depleting anti-CD8 or anti-CD4 mAbs during tumor challenge, and tumor growth was monitored (Fig. 4C)
. Consistent with the increased production of IFN- and enhanced CTL activity by IL-27 as shown in Fig. 2D and E
, respectively, treatment of mice with mAb-neutralizing IFN- and mAb-depleting CD8+ T cells greatly recovered tumor growth. Similarly, but much less efficiently, recovered tumor growth was observed in mice treated with mAb-depleting CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that IFN- production and CD8+ T cells play critical roles in the induction of antitumor activity by IL-27 and that CD4+ T cells also are involved in the induction of antitumor activity.
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. Although C26-IL-27 exhibited a strong antitumor activity in wild-type mice, all of the T-bet-deficient mice inoculated with C26-IL-27 developed rapidly growing tumors (Fig. 5B)
. In contrast, tumor growth of C26-vector in STAT4-deficient mice was similar to that in wild-type mice (Fig. 5A)
, whereas unexpectedly C26-IL-27 showed a strong antitumor activity even in STAT4-deficient mice (Fig. 5B)
. As expected, STAT4-deficient mice inoculated with C26-IL-12 developed vigorously growing tumors, although C26-IL-12 showed a strong antitumor activity in wild-type mice (data not shown). These results suggest that T-bet is important for the induction of antitumor activity by IL-27, but STAT4 is not essential for it.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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showed a strong inhibition of tumor growth in vivo and consequently a prolonged survival by its ability to enhance the initiation of Th1 responses and augment the antitumor cellular immunity (Fig. 2)
. Mice that recovered from the inoculation with C26-IL-27 acquired a tumor-specific protective immunity (Fig. 3)
. This potent antitumor activity was mediated mainly through CD8+ T cells and IFN-, and CD4+ T cells also were involved in the induction of antitumor activity (Fig. 4)
. Furthermore, T-bet was revealed to be important for the induction of antitumor activity, but STAT4 was not essential for it (Fig. 5)
. This seems unexpected because IL-27 induces T-bet and subsequent IL-12Rß2 expression and therefore enhances synergistically IFN- production with IL-12 in naive CD4+ T cells (12)
. To exert the antitumor activity in vivo, IL-27 may use different pathways or act directly on CD8+ T cells through T-bet but not in collaboration with IL-12. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumor activity induced by IL-27.
Effective eradication of established tumors and generation of a long-lasting systemic immune response with a simple gene delivery system are important goals for cancer gene immunotherapy. Cytokine genes are the most widely and extensively studied immunostimulatory agents in cancer gene therapy (21)
. For clinical application, local and systemic administration of IL-12 protein has been studied in various murine models (21, 22, 23, 24)
and in Phase I/II human trials (25
, 26)
. However, IL-12 therapy has been limited by systemic toxicities such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, leukopenia, myelodepression, lung edema, and gastrointestinal toxicity (7
, 8
, 27
, 28)
. Therefore, local and efficient expression of IL-12 or other cytokine genes in tumors is an alternative immunotherapeutic approach that may avoid systemic toxicity of recombinant cytokines. A recently identified novel member of the IL-12 family, IL-27, which plays a role in the early regulation of Th1 initiation but not in the effector Th1 responses, could be an attractive candidate as an agent applicable to the cancer gene therapy (9, 10, 11, 12)
. IL-27 has been demonstrated recently to induce T-bet and subsequent IL-12Rß2 expression, which is a key Th1 commitment step wherein naive Th precursor cells commence differentiation into Th1 cells, by naive CD4+ T cells through STAT1 activation (12)
. In addition, we have found recently that STAT1 signaling plays an indispensable role in IL-27-induced T-bet and IL-12Rß2 expression but not proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells.6
Mice deficient of EBI3, one of the IL-27 subunits, have been demonstrated recently to be resistant to Th2-mediated colitis model with a sustained decrease in IL-4 production but susceptible to Th1-mediated colitis model with only transient decrease in IFN- production (29)
. These data suggest presumably that an EBI3-dependent factor different from IL-27 is involved in IL-4-mediated Th2 responses. Furthermore, we have found recently that IL-27 has an adjuvant effect on the induction of hepatitis C virus-specific CTL in vivo.6
Taken together with the present study, these results further support the belief that IL-27 plays an important role in the induction of Th1 responses.
IL-27 acts on naive CD4+ T cells and regulates only the initiation phase of Th1 responses but not the induction and maintenance phases of effector Th1 responses (9, 10, 11, 12) . This is in contrast to IL-12, which is involved in the induction and maintenance phases of effector Th1 responses, presumably resulting in the excessive toxicity in vivo (7 , 8 , 27 , 28) . Therefore, it may be possible to expect the lower toxicity in the treatment with IL-27. During the IL-27 treatment in the present study, we have not observed any apparent adverse effects such as splenomegaly and liver injury with elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and alanine aminotransferase activities and intensive mononuclear cell infiltration into the liver, which are seen with IL-12 treatment (8 , 27 , 28) .6 Additional studies with systemic administration of IL-27 and detailed analyses of other organs are necessary to determine the absence or presence of adverse effects with the IL-27 treatment.
Thus, IL-27 may be a novel attractive candidate as an agent applicable to the cancer immunotherapy with a potent antitumor activity and also a potentially lower toxicity.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Requests for reprints: Takayuki Yoshimoto, Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan. E-mail: yoshimot{at}tokyo-med.ac.jp
Received 7/11/03. Revised 10/31/03. Accepted 11/17/03.
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production in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Science (Wash. DC), 295: 338-342, 2002.-independent rejection of interleukin 12-transduced carcinoma cells requires CD4+ T cells and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med., 188: 133-143, 1998. in interleukin 12-induced pathology in mice. Am. J. Pathol., 147: 1693-1707, 1995.[Abstract]
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