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Departments of 1 Pathology and 2 Medicine and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Preclinical studies using purified antiangiogenic factors indicated therapeutic effects of antiangiogenic compounds in minimizing the size of established tumors (11, 12, 13, 14, 15) . However, clinical trials with some of these factors have not demonstrated expected antitumor effects (16, 17, 18, 19) . Administration of purified antiangiogenic factors, although capable of producing significant growth inhibition of tumor cells in animal models, may be limited by their short half-life. Hence, production of antiangiogenic factors after gene transfer may overcome these limitations.
The potential of antiangiogenic gene therapy in cancer is currently being evaluated using viral and nonviral vectors (20, 21, 22, 23) . In contrast to genetic therapies targeting tumor cells directly with genes encoding prodrug-converting enzymes or cytokines/chemokines for oncolysis, which requires high-efficiency transduction of recombinant vectors to cancer cells directly, antiangiogenic gene therapy requires vectors capable of sustained, long-term expression without vector-associated toxicity or immunity. Additionally, systemic levels of antiangiogenic factors by gene transfer may be accomplished by targeting nontumor cells, using normal tissues to provide a stable platform for transgene expression as secretory proteins. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are nonpathogenic and less immunogenic compared with other gene therapy vectors. The AAV genome persists stably in transduced cells and affects long-term transgene expression. Thus, AAV meets the requirements for gene transfer vectors that may be used for antiangiogenic therapy.
The present study evaluated recombinant AAV (rAAV) encoding secretable forms of human angiostatin and endostatin. The results demonstrate a strong antiproliferative effect of rAAV-mediated angiostatin or endostatin gene transfer on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and significant protective effect against the growth of a human angiogenesis-dependent tumor xenograft in vivo. Furthermore, the combination of both angiostatin and endostatin long-term gene therapy from a single vector resulted in a synergistic effect over therapy with vectors encoding a single factor alone.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Construction of Recombinant Plasmids, Production, and Purification of rAAV.
All rAAV plasmids were constructed using pSub201 as the back bone (25)
. cDNA containing human angiostatin and endostatin sequences were isolated from a plasmid pBlast human Endo::Angio (Invivogen, San Diego, CA). For construction of the rAAV plasmid encoding endostatin, a region containing the human interleukin 2 secretory signal sequence was genetically fused to the endostatin coding region, amplified from the plasmid pBlast human Endo::Angio by PCR, and subcloned into an AAV plasmid containing cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, sequences of internal ribosome entry site (IRES), and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene followed by a synthetic polyadenylation signal sequence (polyA). Construction of rAAV encoding human angiostatin was done in two steps. Initially, the coding region of human angiostatin was amplified by PCR from the plasmid pBlast human Endo::Angio and subcloned in pBluescript vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) with a double-stranded oligomer (5'-TCGAGATGGAACATAAGGAAGTGGTTCTTCTACTTCTTTTATTTCTGAAATCAGGTCAAG-3 and 5'-GATCCTTGACCTGATTTCAGAAATAAAAGAAGTAGAAGAACCACTTCCTTATGTTCCATC-3') containing the plasminogen secretory signal sequence, in a three-way ligation. Subsequently, the region containing the secretory sequence and angiostatin gene was excised and subcloned downstream of CMV promoter in a rAAV plasmid as described for rAAV-endostatin construct.
A bicistronic rAAV plasmid containing both endostatin and angiostatin was constructed in three steps. First, the IRES and endostatin sequences were amplified by PCR and subcloned in pBluescript vector (Stratagene). Then, a region containing plasminogen secretory signal and angiostatin was isolated from the plasmid described above and subcloned upstream of IRES-endostatin cassette in pBluescript vector. Later, the portion containing plasminogen secretory sequence, angiostatin, IRES, and endostatin was isolated and subcloned in a rAAV vector containing CMV promoter and a synthetic polyA.
Packaging of all of the recombinant AAV plasmids was done in an adenovirus-free system as described previously (26) . Purification of virions was done by discontinuous iodixanol gradient centrifugation followed by affinity purification on a heparin-agarose column (26) . Particle titers of the purified virions were determined by quantitative slot blot analysis as described previously (27, 28, 29) .
Western Blot Analysis.
Western blot analysis was performed using conditioned media obtained from rAAV-transduced 293 cells. Briefly, conditioned media obtained after mock-transduction, transduction of AAV-endostatin, AAV-angiostatin, or AAV-endostatin plus AAV-angiostatin vectors was concentrated 5-fold, and 20 µl from each was electrophoretically separated on 10% SDS polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE). Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and immunodetection performed using mouse monoclonal antibodies to either human angiostatin (clone 79735) or endostatin (clone EN2.1.99) as primary antibody and goat antimouse secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as secondary antibody. Detection of bands was by enhanced chemiluminescent substrate as previously described (30)
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Endothelial Cell Proliferation Assay.
Early passage HUVECs were seeded into gelatin-coated 96-well tissue culture plates at a density of 5 x 103 cells/well and grown in EGM-2 medium containing hydrocortisone, human fibroblast growth factor ß, VEGF, ascorbic acid, heparin, human epidermal growth factor, and 10% fetal bovine serum (Clonetics Corp., San Diego, CA). Twenty-four h later, 100 µl of fresh medium containing 1, 10, or 25 µl of conditioned medium from 293 cells transduced with 100 multiplicity of infection of rAAV encoding various trasgenes were added. As a positive control, purified recombinant human angiostatin was added at concentrations of 1, 10, or 25 ng/ml. Each condition was performed in triplicate. Seventy-two h later, cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay with a commercial kit (Promega), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Proliferation index was expressed in percentage compared with HUVEC grown in the presence of complete medium without addition of any conditioned medium or recombinant angiostatin.
In Vivo Studies.
Six-week old female athymic nude mice were purchased from the National Cancer Institute-Frederick Animal Production Area (Frederick, MD). Maintenance of the animals was done following the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and all experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and the Occupational Health and Safety Department of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Particles (3 x 1011) of rAAV encoding GFP, endostatin, angiostatin, or endostatin plus angiostatin, in normal saline, were injected in a volume of 100 µl into the quadriceps muscle of the hind limbs. Naïve animals did not receive any vector. Three weeks after vector administration, each mouse received implantation s.c. in two sites on bilateral flanks with 107 SKOV3.ip1 cells. Tumor size was measured at least twice every week with a digital caliper for two-dimensional longest axis (L in mm) and shortest axis (W in mm), and tumor volume calculated using the following formula: volume in mm3 = (L x W2)/2. When tumor growth exceeded 1800 mm3, animals were humanely euthanized. Surviving mice were sacrificed 130 days after tumor cell implantation and experiments were terminated. Blood samples were collected from all animals before vector administration, before tumor cell implantation, and at sacrifice, for ELISA measurements of serum angiostatin and endostatin levels. Regions of the quadriceps muscle of sham or vector injection were also isolated at the time of sacrifice for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.
ELISA for Serum Angiostatin and Endostatin Levels.
For the measurement of serum angiostatin, a sandwich ELISA was developed. Ninety-six-well ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4°C with a mouse antihuman angiostatin monoclonal antibody (clone 79735) at a concentration of 10 µg/ml in borate saline buffer (BS; pH 8.6). Next day, the antibody was discarded and wells blocked with 150 µl of BSA in BS (BS-BSA) for 45 min at room temperature. Serum samples, diluted 1:3 in BS-BSA were added to the wells and incubated overnight at 4°C. All of the samples were analyzed in triplicate. After washing five times with PBS containing 0.5% Tween 20, a polyclonal antihuman angiostatin antibody, biotinylated using the EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin reagent (Pierce), was added at a concentration of 1 µg/ml in BS-BSA and incubated at room temperature for 5 h. The contents were then discarded and plates washed five times with PBS containing 0.5% Tween 20 after which streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase was added and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Color development was done with the addition of pNPP chromogenic substrate (Sigma) and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. Absorbance at 405 nm was measured in an ELISA plate reader. As a reference standard, known concentrations of human recombinant angiostatin from 0 to 1000 ng/ml were included in triplicate. Serum endostatin levels were determined using a commercial ELISA kit (Cytimmune Sciences Inc, College Park, MD) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
In Situ Hybridization.
A digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled DNA probe containing sequence of CMV promoter was generated by PCR using PCR-DIG labeling mixPlus (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) following manufacturer’s protocol. Formalin-fixed tissues were sectioned at 5-µm thickness, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated through a series of graded-ethanol and PBS. Slides were then treated with 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 42°C for 3 h. Prehybridization was performed at 65°C for 2 h in hybridization solution (ULTRAhyb, Ambion, TX). The hybridization reaction was carried out with approximately 400 ng/ml of DIG-labeled DNA probe at 65°C overnight. After thoroughly washing the excess probe, immunohistochemical detection of hybridization signals was performed using the DIG nucleic acid detection kit (Roche Molecular Diagnostics). Counterstaining of sections was done with diluted eosin solution for 1–2 min and slides mounted in Crystal/Mount (Biomeda, Forest City, CA).
Immunohistochemistry.
Quadriceps muscles of mice were harvested and fixed immediately in alcoholic-formalin (PenFix; Richard-Allan, Kalamazoo, MI) for 18 h at room temperature. Tissues were dehydrated in graded alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Five-µm sections on glass slides were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated via ethanol and placed in PBS. Antigen retrieval was performed by boiling for 10 min in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) in a microwave oven. All sections were pretreated with a 3% aqueous solution of H2O2 for 5 min to quench endogenous peroxidase. Sections were then treated with 3% goat serum for 1 h at room temperature to reduce nonspecific staining followed by 1-h incubation with monoclonal antibodies to either endostatin (clone EN2.1.99, 10 µg/ml) or angiostatin (clone 79735, 5 µg/ml). The remainder of staining procedure was performed using a Universal Mouse Kit (Biogenex, Sam Ramon, CA), which contained biotinylated goat antibody to mouse immunoglobulin and a horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin complex. Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride was used as a substrate for the visualization of antigen-antibody complex. Slides were minimally counterstained with hematoxylin.
Statistical Analyses.
Nonparametric Kuskall Wallis tests or Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test were used to test for differences in cell proliferation between the groups, depending on the number of groups included in the test. The association for the presence or absence of tumor with each treatment condition was tested for statistical significance using 
2 test. Next, the distribution of tumor volumes was examined and log transformed to fit a normal distribution. A general linear mixed model was fit to the data. The dependent variable was the logged tumor volume and the predictors were treatment, day after treatment, and an interaction between treatment and day. All three were statistically significant predictors. P < 0.05 was considered to indicate significant difference between data sets.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. Because previous studies using purified recombinant angiostatin and endostatin indicated that a combination of both the factors resulted in significant therapeutic benefit, we also produced a vector capable of bicistronic expression of angiostatin and endostatin using an IRES sequence (Fig. 1A)
, to determine whether long-term expression of these two antiangiogenic factors from the same vector would provide greater advantage over vectors encoding a single factor. The rAAV were packaged in a helpervirus-free system and purified using discontinuous gradient centrifugation and affinity chromatography. The titer of the vectors ranged between 1–5 x 1012 particles/ml.
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, documented expression of both angiostatin and endostatin as secretory proteins after rAAV-mediated gene transfer in vitro. The endostatin and angiostatin antibodies recognizing 20 and 38 kDa proteins, respectively, also indicated the specificity of detection. Of interest, the detected amount of both factors was comparable when transduced as a single transgene or a bicistronic cassette. As expected, no signal was seen in conditioned medium from mock-transduced 293 cells.
Characterization of Biological Activity of rAAV-Produced Angiostatin and Endostatin.
We next determined the biological activity of rAAV-expressed angiostatin and endostatin. Because our strategy for AAV-mediated gene therapy was to express the antiangiogenic factors as secreted proteins, the in vitro evaluation of biological activity was performed similar to in vivo strategy. rAAV encoding antiangiogenic factors were transduced into 293 cells, and the transgene products were obtained as secreted protein in the supernatant. Different concentrations of the supernatants were then added to early passage HUVEC cultures grown in the presence of 10 ng/ml VEGF. Differences in cell proliferation were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Results (Fig. 2)
demonstrated a significant inhibition of HUVEC proliferation by conditioned media from both AAV-endostatin and AAV-angiostatin-transduced 293 cells as compared with medium from mock-transduced cells (P < 0.002). The results also showed a dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effect with increasing amounts of conditioned medium. Interestingly, there was no statistically significant augmentation in the inhibitory effects on HUVEC proliferation in conditioned medium from cells transduced with angiostatin-endostatin bicistronic construct as compared with constructs expressing only a single factor (P > 0.05). There was no inhibitory effect on HUVEC proliferation when conditioned medium obtained from rAAV-GFP-transduced cells was used, demonstrating specificity of the rAAV-expressed antiangiogenic proteins. Purified recombinant human angiostatin was used as a positive control. Although we did not quantitatively determine the amount of angiostatin or endostatin in the conditioned media in these experiments, results indicated inhibitory effects comparable with that of 25 ng/ml purified angiostatin protein when 10–25 µl of conditioned medium was tested (Fig. 2)
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Inhibition of Tumor Growth after Injection of rAAV Expressing Endostatin, Angiostatin, or Endostatin Plus Angiostatin.
The results of the in vivo studies are shown in Fig. 3
. Growth kinetics of SKOV3.ip1 tumors are shown in Fig. 3A
, and tumor-free survival of mice is presented in Fig. 3B
. There was a significant protective effect of AAV-mediated antiangiogenic gene expression with both endostatin and angiostatin compared with control or AAV-GFP-treated animals, as assessed by either tumor-free survival or tumor-growth kinetics. However, when both the factors were expressed from the bicistronic vector, the effect was more pronounced than therapy with vector expressing only a single factor (P < 0.0001). Protection by AAV-endostatin alone was significantly less than by AAV-angiostatin alone (Fig. 3B)
. Interestingly, serum levels of endostatin or angiostatin were comparable in all mice within the same group irrespective of observed tumor growth. Mean tumor volumes were significantly less in animals that received angiostatin or endostatin gene therapy compared with either naïve animals or those given rAAV-GFP (P < 0.001). Of note, in mice that received vector encoding both angiostatin and endostatin, only one animal developed a palpable tumor, which regressed after day 30 (data not shown), after which all mice in that treatment group remained tumor free.
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. Serum endostatin levels were determined using a commercial kit and demonstrated a pattern of endostatin expression that was similar to that for angiostatin (Fig. 4B)
. The serum angiostatin and endostatin levels appeared to have stabilized before the tumor cell implantation on day 21 after vector administration.
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, left) demonstrate the persistence of AAV transgene in skeletal muscle of mice after 130 days. Although the in situ data cannot demonstrate stable integration of the vector into cell genomes, based on previous preclinical and clinical studies, it is clear that rAAV administered in skeletal muscle establishes long-term presence (33)
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, right) indicate the presence of each antiangiogenic factor in the AAV-injected muscle tissue. On the basis of the immunohistochemistry results, it is most likely that the cells showing positive staining for angiostatin or endostatin are only those in which in situ hybridization identified the vector genome. |
DISCUSSION |
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Although many factors are known to play important roles in new blood vessel formation, two major factors that play a key role are VEGF and fibroblast growth factor. Previous reports have presented contradictory results on the efficacy of antiangiogenic factors in controlling tumor growth in preclinical studies and clinical trials (19 , 22 , 35 , 36) . In the present study, we evaluated the potential of human angiostatin and endostatin using rAAV for stable transfer of genes encoding these factors. The major advantages of AAV vectors are nonpathogenicity, less immunogenicity, and long-term stable expression of the antiangiogenic factors.
Because the initial discovery that biologically driven antiangiogenic agents are much safer and effective, studies have focused on testing their potential in preclinical and clinical applications (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23)
. However, the possible mechanisms of action of these factors have only recently begun to be uncovered. Whereas angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen, acts by binding to 
vß3 integrin (37
, 38)
, endostatin, an internal fragment of collagen XVIII, is believed to act by binding to tropomyosin, integrins, and matrix metalloproteases (39, 40, 41)
. Thus, it is clear that these two factors act on distinct pathways and targets. Hence, a treatment using these two factors should have an additive or even synergistic effect compared with therapy using only one factor. Results of our in vivo studies clearly demonstrate this. An apparently synergistic tumor protective effect was observed in mice that received the bicistronic vector encoding both angiostatin and endostatin as compared with mice that received vectors encoding only one of the factors.
The effect of a combination treatment of endostatin and angiostatin over that using a single factor therapy was reported previously using purified protein therapy (14) . Interestingly, results of previous studies have suggested differences in the efficacy of protein as compared with gene therapy approaches. Whereas administration of 20 mg/kg endostatin as denatured purified protein was effective in controlling the growth of an angiogenesis-dependent Lewis lung carcinoma (11) , gene therapy approaches using adenoviral or retroviral vectors produced only a modest therapeutic effect (42 , 43) . The reasons for this could be different pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the denatured purified protein compared with the in vivo-expressed factor or the nature of vectors used.
Despite encouraging results from preclinical studies using protein therapy, a major concern for clinical applications is the limited half-life of the purified proteins. Furthermore, the half-lives of endostatin and angiostatin are different, which may complicate drug scheduling. Stable gene therapy approaches such as described here can overcome these limitations by maintaining stable systemic levels of both angiostatin and endostatin. Although rAAV vectors have been used in many preclinical and a few human clinical studies, a majority of these applications have been in the context of genetic metabolic defects to provide long-term expression of defective enzymes/factors (33 , 44) . However, a few studies with antiangiogenic factors have provided promising preclinical data, indicating the potential of long-term gene therapy targeting the inhibition of tumor neovasculature (45 , 46) . Our data provide evidence that synergy between angiostatin and endostatin delivered by AAV-dependent gene transfer will be clinically relevant to control recurrence and metastasis of primary cancers.
Almost all early preclinical studies of antiangiogenic tumor gene therapy have been performed in immunodeficient mice and, hence, cannot predict the role of host immunity on long-term transgene expression. A potential advantage of rAAV is the proven long-term in vivo expression of AAV-encoded transgenes administered in skeletal muscle of immunocompetent individuals. Because rAAV does not encode any viral proteins, host immune response against the vector is minimal (31 , 32) . In addition, potent antigen presenting cells, especially dendritic cells, are not transduced efficiently by rAAV. Undiminished expression of AAV-transgene as a secreted protein in muscle has been recorded for over 4 years in immunocompetent animals (47) .
Persistence and stable expression of AAV-encoded antiangiogenic factors is evident from our results of ELISA for serum levels and in situ DNA hybridization studies of injected muscle tissue. Recent studies using intratumoral administration of rAAV encoding endostatin in a mouse glioma model and i.m. administration of rAAV-endostatin in a colorectal cancer model have also shown therapeutic efficacy (45 , 46) . A limitation in the intratumoral administration of rAAV is the poor transduction efficiency in primary tumors as well as the lack of accessible tumor sites for treatment in many patients. Thus, administration of the vector in skeletal muscle may represent a preferred approach, especially for treatments in the setting of minimal residual disease.
On the other hand, if constant systemic levels of antiangiogenic factors become toxic to the experimental animals or patients, the approach presented in this study may not prove superior over localized production of the factors within tumors. In such situations, development of targeted AAV with increased infectivity to tumor cells may be highly beneficial. Accumulation of antiangiogenic factors in other organs because of unregulated expression may also lead to ischemic conditions or impair wound healing. Thus, future studies will be necessary to test the safety of long-term expression of angiostatin and endostatin, and the development of vectors allowing regulated expression of transgenes by inducible promoters, for example, may be warranted for full development of this genetic therapy (48 , 49) .
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Requests for reprints: Selvarangan Ponnazhagan, Department of Pathology, LHRB 513, 701 19th Street South, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007. Phone: (205) 934-6731, Fax: (205) 975-9927, E-mail: sponnazh{at}path.uab.edu
Received 6/17/03. Revised 11/ 6/03. Accepted 12/12/03.
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REFERENCES |
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(1) gene transfer on in vivo growth of human breast cancer cells. Gene Ther., 9: 867-878, 2002.[CrossRef][Medline]
(v)ß(3) in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 276: 39562-39568, 2001.This article has been cited by other articles:
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  K. X. Cai, L. Y. Tse, C. Leung, P. K.H. Tam, R. Xu, and M. H. Sham Suppression of Lung Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Mice by Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression of Vasostatin Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 14(3): 939 - 949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. Shen, Z. F. Yang, Y. Gao, J. C. Li, H. X. Chen, C. C. Liu, R. T.P. Poon, S. T. Fan, J. M. Luk, K. H. Sze, et al. The Kringle 1 Domain of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Has Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Cell Effects on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancer Res., January 15, 2008; 68(2): 404 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yokoyama, G. Sedgewick, and S. Ramakrishnan Endostatin Binding to Ovarian Cancer Cells Inhibits Peritoneal Attachment and Dissemination Cancer Res., November 15, 2007; 67(22): 10813 - 10822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Isayeva, D. Chanda, L. Kallman, I.-E. A. Eltoum, and S. Ponnazhagan Effects of Sustained Antiangiogenic Therapy in Multistage Prostate Cancer in TRAMP Model Cancer Res., June 15, 2007; 67(12): 5789 - 5797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. V. Subramanian, T. M. Bui Nguyen, A. M. Truskinovsky, J. Tolar, B. R. Blazar, and S. Ramakrishnan Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of a Mutant Endostatin in Combination with Carboplatin Treatment Inhibits Orthotopic Growth of Ovarian Cancer and Improves Long-term Survival. Cancer Res., April 15, 2006; 66(8): 4319 - 4328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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), 10 (
), or 25 (
) µl of supernatant from the infected cells was tested on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures. Cell proliferation was determined 72 h later using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay and results expressed as percentage of control HUVEC with no treatment.
), or with 3 x 1011 particles of AAV-GFP (
), AAV-angiostatin (
and 
