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1 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, and 2 Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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These diverse signals originate when ErbB family receptors are trans-phosphorylated at specific tyrosine residues in their COOH termini after ligand binding. This phosphorylation can occur in the context of homodimers, such as ErbB1-ErbB1, or heterodimers, such as ErbB1-ErbB2. Various signaling molecules and adaptor proteins are then recruited to these docking sites, and downstream signals are transmitted (2) . For example, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway can occur when the adaptor molecule Grb2 directly binds ErbB receptors via an SH2 domain (6 , 7) , or when Shc, which itself has Grb2 binding sites, binds ErbB receptors via a phospho-tyrosine binding domain (8) . Grb2 can then activate MAPKs by initiating a cascade involving SOS, ras, raf, and MAP/ERK kinase (9) .
Another major downstream effector of oncogenic signals, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase [PI3K (10) ], can be activated by several different mechanisms in ErbB1 and ErbB2 signaling. ErbB1 and ErbB2 only weakly bind the p85 subunit of PI3K in their COOH termini (11) ; therefore, they recruit help in transmitting a PI3K signal. ErbB1 can form heterodimers with ErbB3, which contains several binding motifs in its COOH terminus for p85 binding (12) . ErbB1 can also recruit the binding of adaptor molecules such as cbl (13) , Grb2-associated binder (Gab) 1 (14, 15, 16) , and Gab2 (17) , each of which also contains high-affinity p85 binding sites and can thereby promote an increase in PI3K activity (18) . Phospholipid products of PI3K then initiate the activation of molecules such as phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt (19) . Akt has been shown to transmit antiapoptotic signals by phosphorylating molecules such as Bad (20) and FKHR/FOXO1 (21) . ErbB2 has a weak affinity for cbl (22) , and its affinity for Gab1/Gab2 is unknown.
Further demonstrating complexity in the family, ErbB3 (or Her3) does not possess an active kinase and is therefore dependent on ErbB2 to form a functional receptor for its ligands (23) , the heregulins (also called neuregulins or neu differentiation factors). ErbB4 (or Her4) can signal in homodimers but also dimerizes preferentially with ErbB2 (24) . ErbB3 signals to the MAPK pathway in a very similar fashion to ErbB1 (25) . However, ErbB3 contains multiple p85 consensus binding motifs in its COOH terminus and can signal without using any of the adaptor molecules (cbl, Gab1, or Gab2) used by ErbB1 for PI3K activation (12) .
The ability of ErbB family receptors to undergo heterodimerization is an important basis for the system’s diversity and flexibility (26) . ErbB2 is the preferred partner of all ErbB family members, and heterodimerization is preferred over homodimerization. Comparison of homodimerization and heterodimerization has typically involved overexpression approaches in cell lines null or nearly devoid of background ErbB receptors to reduce the complexity of the ensuing receptor oligomerization and subsequent downstream signaling (27, 28, 29) . Specific signaling mechanisms that generate diversity in those cancer cells that exhibit multiple ErbB family receptors and provide the aberrant signaling that sustains specific malignant properties have not been elucidated within a completely native receptor system context.
Here, we use GEO colon cancer cells to examine how signaling diversity and flexibility result from ErbB2 heterodimerization with either ErbB1 or ErbB3 to sustain an important hallmark of malignant cells: the ability of anchorage-independent growth. GEO cells express ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB3 (5 , 30 , 31) . They also express endogenous ligands that activate ErbB1, as well as heregulin, which activates ErbB2 through heterodimerization with ErbB3 (5 , 30) . We show that exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) or heregulin conferred the ability of anchorage-independent growth in GEO cells, which was, in both cases, dependent on ErbB2 heterodimerization and activation. We have characterized the diverse signaling mechanisms elicited by ErbB2 that are dependent on its binding partner. Specifically, by using an ErbB2-blocking antibody to inhibit heterodimerization of ErbB1 and ErbB2 in response to EGF stimulation, we show a bifurcation of signal transduction from ErbB1 versus that from ErbB2, both in terms of the pathways activated and function. The anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2C4 blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of ErbB2 and inhibited PI3K activity associated with both Gab1 and Gab2 and activation of the kinase Akt. Inhibition of these pathways was sufficient to reduce EGF-induced colony formation in soft agar. 2C4 had no effect on ErbB1 phosphorylation or the EGF-induced activation of the MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2 and had only a minimal effect on monolayer growth. These data identify Gab1 and Gab2 as important signaling intermediates and ErbB2 as a necessary component in EGF-induced activation of the PI3K pathway, but not the MAPK pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of specific pathway activation as well as subsequent function for endogenous heterodimers of ErbB1 and ErbB2.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Cell Stimulation and Lysis.
GEO cells were regularly cultured in supplemental McCoy’s medium containing insulin, EGF, and transferrin (SF media). Before signaling experiments, cells were starved for 2–4 days in supplemental McCoy’s medium with no growth factors (SM media). For treatment with 2C4, cells were preincubated for 30 min in SM media with 20 µg/ml antibody, and then 50 ng/ml growth factor was added for the indicated times. Cells were washed twice in ice-cold PBS and lysed with 500 µl per 10-cm plate of TNESV buffer [50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 1% NP40, 2 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 10 mM sodium orthovanadate, and 1 complete protease inhibitor mixture tablet (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) per 10 ml of lysis buffer]. Protein concentration of the supernatants was determined by the copper- bicinchoninic acid method with a Pierce Laboratory kit (Rockford, IL).
Immunoprecipitations.
All steps were performed with gentle rotation at 4°C. Because of the presence of 2C4 antibody in some treatment groups, lysates used in immunoprecipitation were not precleared with protein A-agarose. However, no effect from the presence of 2C4 was observed on the immunoprecipitation of any proteins. Protein from TNESV lysates (250 µg) was incubated with 2.5 µg of the indicated antibody overnight. Twenty-five µl of protein A-agarose or protein G-agarose was then added for 4 h, followed by three washes with TNESV buffer. Beads were resuspended in 2x Laemmli loading buffer with 2.5% ß-mercaptoethanol, boiled, and separated by 8% SDS-PAGE.
Immunoblotting.
After SDS-PAGE proteins were transferred overnight to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Arlington Heights, IL), the membranes were blocked in 5% nonfat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline-Tween 20 [TBST (0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris HCl (pH 7.4), and 0.05% Tween 20)]. For anti-phospho-tyrosine blotting with RC-20, membranes were washed five times with TBST after blocking, incubated in a 5000:1 dilution in TBST for 1 h, and washed thoroughly; chemiluminescence was then performed as described below. For phospho-Akt immunoblot, membranes were incubated overnight in TBST at 1000:1. All other blots were incubated with a 1 µg/ml dilution of the indicated antibody in blocking buffer overnight at 4°C. After washing, blots were incubated with a 2000:1 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-linked secondary antibody in blocking buffer for 1 h, followed by further washing. Enhanced chemiluminescence was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
PI3K Assay.
After growth factor treatment, the cell monolayers were washed with PBS and lysed, and protein concentration was determined as described previously (37)
. Lysates (250 µg of protein) were incubated with 2.5 µg of primary antibody for 30 min, followed by further incubation with protein A-agarose or protein G-agarose for 2 h. Immune complexes were washed twice with each buffer PBS and 1% NP40, 100 mM Tris and 5 mM LiCl, and 10 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, and 5 mM EDTA; all buffers included 10 mM sodium orthovanadate. After the last wash was removed, PI3K assays were performed as described previously (37)
. Briefly, samples were resuspended in 50 µl of PI3K buffer [20 mM Tris (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, and 0.5 mM EGTA], and 10 µg of phosphatidylinositol were added. After 10 min at room temperature, 10 µCi of [32P]ATP and MgCl2 to a final concentration of 20 µM was added. After 10 min at room temperature, lipids were extracted, first with 150 µl of CHCl3:methanol:HCl (10:20:0.2) and 100 µl of pure CHCl3. The second extraction used 80 µl of methanol:1N HCl (1:1). Samples were spotted on 1% potassium oxalate-treated TLC plates (Analtech, Newark, DE) and developed in CHCl3:methanol:NH4OH:H2O (129:114:15:21). On an autoradiograph of the plate, the highest migrating spots on the TLC plate, representing phosphatidylinositol phosphate, were quantitated by densitometry using AlphaImager software (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA).
Cell Monolayer Growth.
GEO cells were plated in 24-well plates at 30,000 cells/well in SF medium and allowed to adhere overnight. The next day, cells were washed with PBS and pretreated for 30 min in SM medium with or without 20 µg/ml 2C4, and then the indicated growth factors were added at 50 ng/ml. After 5 days, growth was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) as described previously (38)
. Sixty µl of 5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reagent in PBS were added to each well, and then, after a 2-h incubation, wells were aspirated, and 0.5 ml of Me2SO was added. Absorbance was measured at 545 nm.
Soft Agar Assay.
Experiments were performed essentially as described previously (39)
. Briefly, 25,000 cells resuspended in 0.4% low melting point agarose were plated on a 0.8% agarose underlayer in a 6-well plate in triplicate. Both layers contained treatments in SM medium as indicated in the Fig. 6
legend. Colonies were allowed to form for 8 days and then stained with 1 ml of p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet overnight, and images were captured on AlphaImager. Images of anchorage-independent growth at x40 magnification were captured with a Nikon microscope fitted with an Olympus MagnaFire digital camera using Image-Pro Plus software from Media Cybernetics (Silver Spring, MD).
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, Lane 1). After treatment with EGF or heregulin for 10 min, there was a large increase in phospho-tyrosine on ErbB2 (Fig. 1A
, Lanes 2 and 5, respectively). A 30-min pretreatment with the anti-ErbB2 mAb 2C4 (20 µg/ml) strongly inhibited ErbB2 phosphorylation after similar EGF or heregulin treatment (Fig. 1A
, Lanes 4 and 7). Consistent with others’ reports (35
, 40)
, pretreatment with the ErbB2 mAb Herceptin did not reduce phosphorylation of ErbB2 after growth factor treatment, ruling out a nonspecific mAb effect or a vehicle effect on ErbB2 phosphorylation (Fig. 1A
, Lanes 3 and 6). The concentration of Herceptin and 2C4 used in these studies has been shown to be saturating but nontoxic in numerous previous studies (35
, 36 , 41, 42, 43, 44)
. Anti-ErbB2 immunoblot of the same membrane showed that ErbB2 levels were not significantly changed by growth factor or mAb treatment (Fig. 1A
, bottom panel).
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shows that ErbB1 was phosphorylated after EGF treatment (Lane 2) but not heregulin treatment (Lane 4), and this phosphorylation was unaffected by treatment with 2C4 (Lane 3). Likewise, ErbB3 was phosphorylated after heregulin treatment (Fig. 1B
, Lane 9); however, this activation could be blocked by 2C4 pretreatment (Fig. 1B
, Lane 10). EGF did not stimulate activation of ErbB3 (Fig. 1B
, Lane 7). Immunoblots on the same membranes with ErbB1 or ErbB3 antibodies showed that total levels of these receptors were not changed by growth factor or 2C4 treatment (Fig. 1B
, bottom panels). As observed in Fig. 1A
for ErbB2, Herceptin had no effect on ErbB3 phosphorylation after heregulin treatment (data not shown), nor did Herceptin change the tyrosine phosphorylation status of any proteins after EGF treatment in a total phospho-tyrosine blot, including those in the molecular weight range of the ErbB receptor family (data not shown). The presence of Herceptin in lysates of Herceptin-treated cells did not allow for ErbB1 immunoprecipitation/Western blot because ErbB2 was also immunoprecipitated and detected. This was not observed for 2C4. Thus, GEO cells activated ErbB1-ErbB2 after EGF treatment, and 2C4 blocked only the phosphorylation of ErbB2. ErbB2 and ErbB3 were activated after heregulin treatment, and 2C4 blocked the activation of both receptors. We next investigated the downstream consequences of these results.
Activation of Erk and Akt after 2C4 Treatment and Growth Factor Stimulation.
The MAPKs are well-characterized downstream targets of ErbB receptors. We determined the activation state of MAPK Erk1/2 after 2C4 treatment and growth factor stimulation in GEO cells. Erk1/2 phosphorylation was increased after a 10-min EGF treatment (Fig. 2A
, top panel, Lane 2), and this activation was not inhibited by pretreatment with 2C4 at 10 min (Fig. 2A
, top panels, Lane 3) or at other time points up to 60 min (data not shown). These data are in contrast to those observed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (36)
, where 2C4 was able to block MAPK activation by the ErbB1 ligand transforming growth factor 
. Heregulin activation of Erk1/2 was effectively blocked by 2C4 (Fig. 2A
, top panels, Lanes 4–6). Anti-Erk1/2 immunoblots on the same membranes show that total levels of Erk1/2 were unchanged in all treatment groups (Fig. 2A
, bottom panels).
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, top panel, Lane 2), and, in contrast to observations in MAPK signaling, Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by 2C4 (Fig. 2B
, top panel, Lane 3). Heregulin treatment resulted in Akt activation, and, consistent with MAPK results, 2C4 blocked this effect (Fig. 2B
, top panel, Lanes 4–6). Anti-Akt immunoblots on the same membranes showed that total levels of Akt were not significantly changed by any of the treatment groups (Fig. 2B
, bottom panels). These data show that 2C4 could block heregulin-induced signaling to both MAPK and Akt, consistent with the notion that ErbB3-ErbB2 heterodimers are essential for all aspects of heregulin signaling. In EGF signaling, however, disruption of the ErbB2 component with 2C4 only inhibited signaling to Akt, not the MAPKs Erk1/2. These results indicated that Erk1/2 activation was the consequence of ErbB1 signaling, whereas Akt activation was due at least in part to ErbB2 signaling, thus raising the question of how PI3K was activated by EGF.
Coimmunoprecipitation of Distinct Phospho-Tyrosine-Containing Proteins after EGF and Heregulin Treatment.
Growth factor-induced activation of the p85 subunit of PI3K is initiated when, via its SH2 domain, p85 binds phosphorylated tyrosine residues of receptors or adaptor molecules (10)
. To find phospho-tyrosine-containing molecules bound to p85 in GEO cells, we stimulated cells as described in the Fig. 1
legend, immunoprecipitated lysates with p85 antibody, and then immunoblotted with anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody. Fig. 2C
shows that in the absence of stimulation, p85 was associated with two phospho-tyrosine-containing molecules of approximately Mr 180,000 (Lane 1). These two bands were present in all treatment groups. After heregulin stimulation, the major phosphoprotein that coimmunoprecipitated with p85 was approximately Mr 190,000, and this association was abrogated by 2C4 (Fig. 2C
, Lanes 4 and 5). The molecular weight of this phosphoprotein is consistent with that of ErbB3, whose binding to p85 after heregulin stimulation has been well characterized (45
, 46)
. Of note, there was an apparent slight increase in a Mr 120,000 phosphoprotein after heregulin treatment (Fig. 2C
, Lane 4).
After EGF stimulation, we saw no change in phospho-tyrosine content of proteins in the Mr 190,000 range, but we did observe an increase in Mr 120,000 and Mr 100,000 phosphoproteins associated with p85 (Fig. 2C
, Lane 2). The intensity of the Mr 120,000 band appeared to be reduced by 2C4 treatment (Fig. 2C
, Lane 3). To determine the probable identities of these phosphoproteins, we next performed specific immunoprecipitations.
Identification of Gab1/Gab2 and ErbB3/Gab1 as Modulators of PI3K for EGF and Heregulin, Respectively.
As stated above, it has been shown that the major phospho-tyrosine-containing protein associated with p85 after heregulin stimulation is ErbB3. EGF can induce association of p85 with ErbB3 (12)
or the adaptor molecules Gab1 (14, 15, 16)
and cbl (13)
, which migrate at the approximate molecular weight of pp120 of Fig. 2C
, and Gab2 (17)
, which migrates at the approximate molecular weight of pp100 of Fig. 2C
. To determine which of these were activated in GEO cells, we stimulated cells as described in the Fig. 1
legend, immunoprecipitated them with specific antibodies, and then immunoblotted for anti-phospho-tyrosine. Fig. 3
shows that EGF induced phosphorylation of Gab1 (Lane 2), Gab2 (Lane 5), and cbl (Lane 8) but not ErbB3 (Lane 11). Gab1 and cbl each have molecular weights of approximately 120,000, consistent with the pp120 observed in Fig. 2C
. The molecular weight of Gab2 (Mr 97,000) and its less intense degree of phosphorylation are both consistent with the pp100 observed in Fig. 2C
. After heregulin treatment, ErbB3 antibody immunoprecipitated a strong phospho-tyrosine-containing double band, likely ErbB3/ErbB2 (Fig. 3
, Lane 12), Heregulin also stimulated some phosphorylation of Gab1 (Fig. 3
, Lane 1 versus Lane 3). These findings correlate with the coimmunoprecipitation of a major Mr 190,000 phosphoprotein and a minor Mr 120,000 phosphoprotein with p85 antibody observed in Fig. 2C
. Further immunoblotting of the membrane with p85 antibody showed that p85 was associated with Gab1 and Gab2, but not cbl, after EGF treatment and that p85 was associated with ErbB3 after heregulin treatment (data not shown).
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. Consistent with the phosphorylation data in Fig. 3
, we found that EGF treatment increased the PI3K activity associated Gab1 (Fig. 4
, Lane 1 versus 2) and Gab2 (Fig. 4
, Lane 4 versus 5), but not ErbB3 (Fig. 4
, Lanes 7 and 8). Heregulin increased PI3K activity associated with ErbB3 (Fig. 4
, Lane 7 versus Lane 9) and Gab1 (Fig. 4
, Lane 1 versus Lane 3), which is consistent with the heregulin-induced phosphorylation of ErbB3 and Gab1 observed in Fig. 3
. There was minimal basal activity and no increase in PI3K activity associated with cbl after EGF or heregulin treatment (data not shown). These data provide evidence that EGF activates PI3K via the Gab1 and Gab2 adaptor molecules, but not through ErbB3 or cbl, and that heregulin activates PI3K via ErbB3 and, to a lesser extent, Gab1.
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, Lanes 2, 4, and 6) could be blocked by 2C4 (Fig. 5A
, Lanes 3, 5, and 7). In cells stimulated by EGF for different times, PI3K activity associated with Gab1 (Fig. 5B
, Lanes 2, 4, and 6) or Gab 2 (Fig. 5C
, Lanes 2, 4, and 6) was partially inhibited by 2C4 (Fig. 5B
, Lanes 3, 5, and 7 for Gab1; Fig. 5C
, Lanes 3, 5, and 7 for Gab2). 2C4 was less effective at inhibiting PI3K activity associated with Gab1 and Gab2 at 1 min of EGF treatment (Fig. 5, B and C
, Lane 3), whereas the greatest degree of inhibition was at 60 min (Fig. 5, B and C
, Lane 7).
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, Hrg) stimulated approximately a 3–4-fold increase in cell number over the serum-free media alone (C-SM), whereas EGF stimulated a 2-fold increase. Normal growth medium (SF), which contains a high concentration of insulin, also stimulated a 3–4-fold increase in cell number. 2C4 effectively blocked heregulin-induced proliferation but had only a minimal but reproducible effect on EGF-stimulated growth and no effect on insulin-stimulated (SF) cell growth (Fig. 6A)
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We next assessed the anchorage-independent growth of GEO cells by assaying colony formation in soft agar. We found that cells plated in the absence of growth factors formed very few colonies, whereas cells plated in normal growth medium readily formed numerous colonies (data not shown). Cells plated in medium containing heregulin also readily formed colonies, and 2C4 completely blocked this effect (Fig. 6, B and C
, left panels). EGF also stimulated the formation of colonies, and 2C4 treatment reduced the number and size of colonies (Fig. 6, B and C
, right panels).
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DISCUSSION |
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We first assessed the responsiveness of the human colon carcinoma cell line GEO to exogenous heregulin and EGF, and then we determined which downstream signals of heregulin and EGF were disrupted by 2C4. GEO cells express autocrine transforming growth factor and have been shown to be responsive to different ErbB1-targeted therapies (48, 49, 50)
. However, we found that GEO cells were also very sensitive to the ErbB2/ErbB3 ligand heregulin, a pathway present in colon cancer (51, 52, 53, 54)
. One would not expect that targeting ErbB1 would inhibit heregulin-stimulated growth in these cells (heregulin treatment did not result in any detectable activation of ErbB1). 2C4, however, completely abrogated heregulin-stimulated activation of ErbB2-ErbB3, PI3K, Akt, and MAPK Erk1/2 in GEO cell cultures. 2C4 also blocked heregulin stimulation of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of GEO cells. 2C4 effectively blocked the activation of ErbB2 after stimulation with EGF and inhibited the PI3K pathway and the anchorage-independent growth of GEO cells. The effectiveness of 2C4 in blocking ErbB2 transphosphorylation by both ErbB1 and ErbB3 is potentially important because it has been shown that the level of ErbB2 activation has prognostic significance (55)
. To help rule out the possibility that this 2C4 effect was nonspecific or a vehicle effect, we used Herceptin, a mAb directed against a different epitope of ErbB2 that is effective only in settings where ErbB2 is overexpressed (33
, 35)
. Herceptin did not block activation of ErbB2 after heregulin or EGF treatment (Fig. 1A)
, consistent with the findings of others (35
, 40)
. Furthermore, 2C4 was unable to impair the growth of GEO cells in medium containing a high concentration of insulin (Fig. 6A)
and did not alter EGF activation of ErbB1. Taken together, these data suggest that 2C4, ErbB2 mAbs in general, or the vehicle did not produce a global decrease in phosphorylation or a nonspecific toxicity in the cells that could not be overcome by an unrelated growth factor (insulin).
Treatment with 2C4 blocked EGF-stimulated ErbB2 phosphorylation but did not diminish the activation of ErbB1. This observation is consistent with the notion that, in GEO cells, ErbB2 was dependent on ErbB1 for trans-phosphorylation, but not vice versa. Also consistent with our data is the hypothesis that after EGF bound ErbB1, heterodimers with ErbB2 were formed, leading to full activation of downstream pathways, MAPK and PI3K. However, when 2C4 blocked ErbB2, ErbB1-ErbB1 homodimerization occurred, which, interestingly, could fully activate the MAPK pathway. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Agus et al. (36)
found that MAPK activation was dependent on ErbB2 because 2C4 inhibited activation of MAPK after stimulation with the ErbB1 ligand transforming growth factor . This difference could be due to differences in breast and colon cancers or the individual cell lines used; however, it does further demonstrate heterogeneity in ErbB signaling across different cell types. This example of diversity in response across cell cultures and/or cancer types after 2C4 treatment serves as a reminder that seemingly similar tumors, i.e., those that are ErbB2 driven, may still exhibit divergent responses to the same therapy, and care must be taken in extrapolating results shown here or in the study by Agus et al. (36)
to other cancer types. The PI3K pathway was inhibited by 2C4 after EGF treatment in GEO cells, and this finding led us to further investigate activation of PI3K in these cells.
Activation of PI3K after EGF stimulation has been reported to occur by several different mechanisms. Whereas ErbB1 does not bind the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K with high affinity, it can use adaptor proteins such as cbl (13) , Gab1 (14, 15, 16) , and Gab2 (17) , or it can signal laterally to ErbB3 via ErbB2 (24) . In this study, we found that EGF treatment resulted in phosphorylation of Gab1, Gab2, and cbl; however, p85 and PI3K activity were associated only with Gab1 and Gab2.
Recent data show that receptor tyrosine kinase binding of Gab1/2 can occur by several different mechanisms. Gab1 can bind directly to tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (56) or through an intermediary Grb2 or by both methods in a "double hook" scheme of binding (57) . The latter mechanism is consistent with recent observations of ErbB1 binding of Gab1 (16) . Furthermore, the ErbB1-Gab1 complex can also include SHP2 (17) . In our results, we did not see any phospho-tyrosine-containing proteins in the molecular weight range of SHP2 or Grb2 coimmunoprecipitate with Gab1/2 or p85 antibodies as others have observed (17 , 58) . We do not, however, rule out the possibility that more complex aggregates involving Gab1/2 exist, but this possibility does not change our conclusion that EGF treatment activated Gab1 and Gab2 and that PI3K activity was associated with them.
The EGF-Gab1/2-PI3K pathway was somehow enhanced by ErbB2 because 2C4 treatment inhibited PI3K activation without altering ErbB1 or MAPK pathway activation. This raises the question of the mechanism by which 2C4 inhibited EGF activation of PI3K. One possibility is that Gab1/2 molecules bound directly or indirectly (through Grb2) to phospho-tyrosine sites on ErbB2, and abrogation of ErbB2 phosphorylation by 2C4 simply reduced the number of available binding sites. Although Gab1 has not been shown previously to bind any ErbB family receptors other than ErbB1, we found that Gab1 phosphorylation and associated PI3K activity were increased after heregulin treatment (Figs. 5
and 6
), suggesting that Gab1 can and does bind ErbB receptors other than ErbB1 because only ErbB2-ErbB3, and not ErbB1, was phosphorylated after heregulin treatment. In addition, ErbB2 does contain a YXNQ motif at 1139 in its COOH terminus, homologous to the Y1068 in ErbB1, a site that is known to be responsible for Gab1 binding. A possible connection between Gab1 and ErbB2 is further suggested by the fact that the knockout mice of each have seriously impaired cardiac development (59
, 60)
.
Alternatively, a signaling complex of ErbB1-ErbB2 heterodimer, with Gab1/2 bound to ErbB1, could have been stabilized by the presence of ErbB2. It has been shown that EGF dissociates from an ErbB2-ErbB1 heterodimer more slowly than an ErbB1 homodimer and that ErbB1-ErbB2 heterodimers are recycled back to the cell membrane more efficiently than ErbB1 homodimers (61 , 62) . In our cells, it is possible that after 2C4 interrupted the heterodimerization of ErbB1 and ErbB2, the ErbB1-Gab signal was enervated. Indeed, we did find that at 1 min, EGF-induced PI3K activity was only slightly inhibited by 2C4, but at 60 min, the inhibition was near complete. Thus, in either of these scenarios, 2C4 impaired the ability of ErbB2 to augment an EGF signal to PI3K. Immunoblots for phospho-Akt on the same samples did not reveal a difference in degree of inhibition of Akt activation at different time points; however, phospho-Akt antibody has proven in our hands to be much less sensitive at detecting modest differences in activation compared with the radioactive enzymatic PI3K assay.
Interestingly, stimulation of cell monolayer growth by exogenous EGF was only minimally inhibited by 2C4, whereas a greater, although not complete, reduction was observed in anchorage-independent growth. These data suggest that ErbB1 homodimers are still capable of mitogenic signaling in cell monolayers in the absence of a contribution from ErbB2; however, anchorage-independent growth, a more widely accepted marker for tumorigenicity (63) , is more dependent on ErbB2 and likely PI3K, the pathway inhibited by ErbB2 blockade.
We show here that heregulin treatment activated ErbB2/ErbB3, PI3K activity associated with ErbB3 and Gab1, Akt, and MAPK Erk1/2. Furthermore, heregulin was a potent mitogen for colon carcinoma cells. The anti-ErbB2 mAb 2C4 effectively blocked the heregulin-stimulated activation of these pathways and reduced monolayer and anchorage-independent growth to basal levels. We show that EGF treatment activated ErbB1/ErbB2, PI3K activity associated with Gab1/Gab2, Akt, and Erk1/2. 2C4 inhibited only the activation of ErbB2 and the PI3K pathway, but not ErbB1 or Erk1/2. However, this selective inhibition was sufficient to inhibit anchorage-independent growth. These data suggest an important role for ErbB2 in potentiating a mitogenic signal from EGF to PI3K but that ErbB1 activation alone is sufficient for EGF to activate MAPK Erk1/2.
Others have demonstrated that heterodimerization leads to signaling diversity as indicated by adaptor recruitment (26) or signaling outcome (64) . However, to our knowledge, this is the first documentation of how heterodimers contribute to signaling diversity with regard to the identification of a specific signaling pathway (PI3K/Akt) and its ensuing outcome (anchorage-independent growth) as a function of heterodimerization.
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Requests for reprints: Michael G. Brattain, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York 14263 (present address). Phone: (716) 845-3044; Fax: (716) 845-4437; E-mail: michael.brattain{at}roswellpark.org
Received 10/ 2/03. Revised 12/ 9/03. Accepted 2/ 5/04.
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REFERENCES |
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