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Cell and Tumor Biology |
1 Department of Hematology and Oncology and 2 Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany and 3 Center for Molecular Stress Response, Boston University Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
Requests for reprints: Gabriele Multhoff, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Phone: 49-941-944-5575; Fax: 49-941-944-5572; E-mail: gabriele.multhoff{at}klinik.uni-regensburg.de.
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Introduction |
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(11). In contrast, CD3+ T lymphocytes did not respond to an identical stimulation (12). It was known that members of the HSP70 family act most efficiently if they operate in concert with other cochaperones that dictate their function in distinct cellular compartments (13, 14). Members of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2–associated athanogene (BAG) family are frequently associated with members of the HSP70 family. Bag-4, also termed as "silencer of death domain," was found to interact with Hsp70 not only in the cytosol but also on the plasma membrane (15). Regarding these results, we asked the question whether Hsp70 and Bag-4 were released from plasma membrane–positive tumor cells in soluble form or in membrane vesicles. Exosomes correspond to internal multivesicular bodies that are secreted upon fusion with the plasma membrane (16). Apart from professional antigen-presenting cells (APC; refs. 17–19), T cells (20), reticulocytes (21, 22), platelets (23), mast cells (24, 25), and also tumor cells (26, 27) have been described to release exosomes. Here, we show that Hsp70/Bag-4 was actively released from colon and pancreas tumor sublines in detergent-soluble vesicles, with biophysical characteristics of exosomes. The composition of surface-bound proteins on exosomes reflected that of the plasma membranes of the tumors from which they originated. Similar to TKD, exosomes presenting Hsp70/Bag-4 on their surface stimulated migration and lytic activity in NK cells against Hsp70 membrane-positive tumors. Our data show for the first time that tumor-derived exosomes stimulate NK cell activity.
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Materials and Methods |
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Flow cytometry of carcinoma sublines. Single cell suspensions of viable carcinoma sublines (0.1 x 106 cells per antibody) were incubated either with a FITC-conjugated Hsp70 monoclonal antibody (cmHsp70.1, Multimmune) or Bag-4–specific antibody (IMG-152, Imgenex, San Diego, CA) for 15 minutes at 4°C. Following washing in PBS/10% heat-inactivated FCS, Bag-4–stained cells were incubated with a phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary antibody for another 15 minutes (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). Only viable, 7-amino-actinomycin D-negative (7-AAD, Becton Dickinson PharMingen, Heidelberg, Germany) cells were analyzed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson).
Preparation of cell-free supernatants and exosome purification. Tumor sublines were grown for 72 hours in conditioned medium reaching 
80% confluence. After another 24 to 72 hours in serum-free, conditioned medium, viability of the cells was always >97% as determined by trypan blue exclusion. Following successive centrifugation at 200 x g for 5 minutes and 1,000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C, supernatants were passed through 200 nm filters (Sartorius, Gottingen, Germany) and concentrated on VivaSpin concentrators with a Mr 50,000 molecular weight cutoff (Vivascience, Sartorius). Concentrated supernatants were further separated by ultracentrifugation (150,000 x g, 12 hours at 4°C). Total protein amount was determined using a standard Bradford assay.
Quantification of heat shock protein 70 released by tumor sublines. Briefly, 1:1 dilutions of Colo–/Colo+ and CX–/CX+ supernatants were prepared using either PBS, Triton X-100 (1% v/v), Lubrol WX (1% v/v), or Brij 98 (0.5% v/v). After a 30-minute incubation period at 4°C under gentle rotation, the amount of Hsp70 was quantified by ELISA technique (Hsp70 EIA, Stressgen, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada). All detergents were kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Gerd Schmitz (Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany). Dilution of recombinant Hsp70 protein in the detergents mentioned above did not affect the detection of Hsp70 in ELISA (data not shown).
SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Whole cell lysates and exosomal pellets were solubilized in lysis buffer [120 mmol/L sodium chloride, 40 mmol/L Tris (pH 8.0), 0.5% NP40] and proteins were denatured in sample buffer [25 mmol/L Tris hydrochloride (pH 6.8), 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 10% mercaptoethanol, bromphenol blue]. Proteins from whole cell lysates and exosomes (10 µg/lane) were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions (30) and used for silver stain (RotiBlack P kit, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) or blotted onto nitrocellulose membranes (31) and stained with primary antibodies directed against Bag-4 (IMG-152), Hsp70 (cmHsp70.1), and Hsc70 (SPA-820, Stressgen); Grp94 and calnexin (both from Stressgen); 
-tubulin (Oncogene, San Diego, CA); and Rab-4, Rab-7, Rab-9, and Rab-11 (all from Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA). Proteins were visualized using horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies (DAKO) and a chemiluminescence developing kit (ECL, Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, England).
Sucrose density gradient centrifugation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Exosomes were floated in a sucrose density gradient ranging from 1.08 to 1.24 g sucrose/mL in TBS (pH 7.5) and ultracentrifuged (150,000 x g for 12 hours at 4°C; ref. 19). Gradient fractions containing exosomes were collected from top to bottom and analyzed by silver stain, Western blot analysis, and tested for acetylcholinesterase activity (32). Briefly, 50 µL of each individual fraction was suspended in 1.25 mmol/L acetylthiocholine and 0.1 mmol/L 5.5-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in a final volume of 1 mL. Changes in absorption were monitored at 412 nm during a 10-minute incubation period at 37°C. Data represent the increase in absorption after 10-minute incubation.
Coupling of exosomes to latex beads and flow cytometric analysis of exosome-coated beads. Exosomes (30 µg) were incubated with 4-µm-diameter aldehyde/sulfate latex beads (Interfacial Dynamics, Portland, OR) for 15 minutes at 20°C in a final volume of 100 µL (33). After a 2-hour incubation period in PBS under gentle rotation, the reaction was stopped by addition of 100 mmol/L glycine. Exosome-coated beads were washed twice in PBS/10% FCS, stained with different antibodies directed against Hsp70 and Bag-4 (15), and analyzed on a Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur using Cell Quest Software. Only single beads were gated for fluorescence analysis. A "bead-only" control and an isotype-matched antibody control were prepared and fluorescence intensity was normalized to 1 x 10 fluorescence units for each antibody.
Immunoelectron microscopy of exosomes. Ultracentrifuged (150,000 x g for 60 minutes) PBS washed exosomal pellets of CX+ and CX– sublines were resuspended in 20 µL aqua bidest and a Formvar-coated 400-mesh nickel grid was placed on top of the suspension drop. Then, grids with adherent exosomes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at 20°C for 15 minutes. The subsequent immunolabeling was carried out using the IGL-Labeling automat (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). In brief, after a 10-minute blocking in 2% normal goat serum (Aurion, Biotrend, Cologne, Germany), grids were incubated either with isotype control or Hsp70 (cmHsp70.1) mouse monoclonal antibody diluted 1:50 in 1% PBS/bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution at 20°C for 2 hours. After washing, the grids were incubated for 1 hour in 1% PBS/BSA buffer containing 1:20 dilution of the Aurion goat–anti-mouse IgG-gold conjugate (10 nm). After an additional fixation step in 2% glutaraldehyde/PBS and washing in aqua bidest, the negative staining with 1% phosphotungstic acid in water (1 minute at 20°C) was done.
Grids were examined in a LEO912AB electron microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) operating at 80 kV, equipped with a bottom-mounted charged coupled device camera capable to record images with 1 x 1 k pixels. The digital documentation and measuring was done with the EsiVision software, Version 3.2 (Soft Imaging System, Muenster, Germany).
Separation and stimulation of natural killer cells. NK cells were selected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy human volunteers, using either CD94-biotin antibody (clone HP3 D9, Ancell Immunology Research Products, Bayport, MN) and antibiotin magnetic microbeads for positive selection, or CD3- and CD19-antibody–coated beads for negative selection following standard protocols of Miltenyi (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). NK cells (2 x 106 cells/mL) were stimulated either with low-dose IL-2 alone (100 IU/mL) or with low-dose IL-2 in combination with TKD (2 µg/mL; Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland), with exosomal protein (0.1, 1, and 10 µg/mL), or with whole cell lysates (1 and 10 µg/mL) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 for 4 days. Either fresh or frozen supernatants of the 4-day cell cultures were collected and analyzed by ELISA (see below). Purity and cell surface density of different NK cell markers were determined before and on day 4 after stimulation using a CD94-phycoerythrin–specific (Ancell), CD3-FITC CD16/CD56-phycoerythrin (Becton Dickinson), NCR (NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany), NKG2D (R&D, Wiesbaden, Germany), CD69 (Becton Dickinson), and KIR (p58, Immunotech, Marseille, France) antibodies by flow cytometry using a standard protocol.
Migration assay. Migration assays were done in transwell cell culture systems (Costar, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY) in triplicates as previously described (28). Either concentrated supernatant of the different tumor cells, exosome-depleted and enriched fractions, or TKD (2 µg/mL) were placed in the lower compartment as attractants. Sodium [51Cr]chromate–labeled (100 µCi, NEN-Dupont, Boston, MA), TKD-stimulated, CD94+, or CD3–CD19– NK cells (2 x 106) were used as effector cells.
For blocking experiments, TKD peptide and Colo+ derived exosomes were preincubated with the Hsp70-specific antibody cmHsp70.1 at a final concentration of 50 µg/mL for 20 minutes.
Cytotoxicity assay. CX+/CX–, Colo+/Colo–, and K562 tumor target cells (0.3 x 106) labeled with sodium [51Cr]chromate (100 µCi; NEN-Dupont) were coincubated with CD94-enriched or CD3/CD19-depleted NK cells, prestimulated for 4 days either with low dose IL-2 alone (100 IU/mL), with IL-2 plus TKD (2 µg/mL), with IL-2 plus exosomes (10 µg/mL), or with IL-2 plus cell lysates (10 µg/mL) derived from Colo–/Colo+ and CX–/CX+ tumor sublines, at indicated effector-to-target (E/T) cell ratios according to a protocol of MacDonald et al. (34). For antibody blocking studies, labeled tumor target cells were incubated with cmHsp70.1 antibody (5 µg/mL) for 20 minutes. After a 4-hour incubation period at 37°C, 5% CO2 supernatants were harvested and radioactivity was determined by -counting. The percentage of specific lysis was calculated according to the following equation:
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Granzyme B ELISA. Granzyme B released by effector cells during the stimulation period of 4 days, either with TKD (2 µg/mL) or different amounts of exosomes (0.1, 1, and 10 µg/mL) derived from Colo– and Colo+ cell cultures, was quantified by standard ELISA technique. Briefly, granzyme B antibody-coated (L100-114, Hoelzel Diagnostics, Cologne, Germany) 96-well plates (3590, Corning Costar) were incubated with 100 µL samples or standard solutions at different concentrations in combination with the secondary capture antibody for 2 hours at room temperature. After two washing steps, granzyme B was visualized by the addition of the freshly prepared avidin-horseradish peroxidase for 1 hour and substrate solution for another 25 minutes. Plates were counted on a ELISA reader at 450/650 nm.
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Detergent-soluble vesicles exhibit biophysical and biochemical properties of exosomes. B lymphocytes and dendritic cells have been documented to secrete membrane vesicles of endocytic origin, termed exosomes (18, 24, 33). Exosomes are formed upon fusion of internal multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. In addition to hematopoietic cells, secretion of exosomes was also found in tumor cells (27). Following a modified protocol described by Thery et al. (18, 33), 10 to 15 µg vesicular proteins were prepared from sequentially centrifuged supernatants of 1 x 107 viable Colo+ and CX+ tumor cells cultured in serum-free medium and subjected to sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. As shown in Fig. 2A (top), an enrichment of proteins was found at densities of 1.15 to 1.19 g/mL in both cell types. Acetylcholinesterase activity, a characteristic enzyme in reticulocyte-derived exosomes (32, 36), also peaked at a floating density of 1.17 g/mL (Fig. 2A, bottom). Identical results were obtained for Colo– and CX– tumor sublines, indicating that these tumor sublines also had the capacity to release exosomal vesicles (data not shown). Taken together, these results suggested that vesicles obtained from cell-free supernatants of tumor cells exhibited biophysical properties of exosomes (18). Contamination of the exosomal fraction with apoptotic bodies was excluded for the following reasons: (a) viability of tumor sublines from which the supernatants were collected was always greater 97%; therefore, nonspecific release of membrane vesicles by dead cells was unlikely; (b) apoptotic vesicles exhibit a characteristic molecular weight histone protein pattern, which was not visible in the vesicular preparations, and float at higher densities, ranging from 1.24 to 1.28 g/mL (18); (c) tumor-derived exosomes float at a characteristic density of 1.17 g/mL (24, 27, 33); (d) acetylcholinesterase activity, an exosomal enzyme, peaked at the same density of 1.17 g/mL.
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Surface protein pattern of exosomes reflects that of the tumor sublines from which they originated. Identical to the cytosol, the exosomal lumen contained comparable protein amounts of Hsp70 and Bag-4, irrespective of the tumors from which they originated (15). However, on the plasma membrane, these proteins were differentially expressed on Colo–/Colo+ and CX–/CX+ sublines. Due to the fact that exosomes are formed by inward budding of endosomal membranes, exosomal surfaces should reflect the protein composition of the plasma membranes of the cells from which they were derived. This was also shown for MHC class I/II, tetraspan, and costimulatory molecules (18, 33, 37). Because of their biogenesis, the topology of exosomal proteins should also remain the same. Therefore, we compared the Hsp70/Bag-4 surface expression pattern on the plasma membrane of tumor cells (Fig. 1A) and exosomes. A representative flow cytometric analysis revealed high Hsp70/Bag-4 levels selectively on the exosomal surface of Colo+ and CX+ tumor sublines (Fig. 2C). Consistent with a low Hsp70/Bag-4 plasma membrane expression on Colo– and CX– tumor sublines (Fig. 1A), exosomes derived from these cells were also weakly surface-positive for Hsp70/Bag-4 (Fig. 2C). Flow cytometry data of exosomes derived from three independent experiments were summarized in Table 1B. It is important to note that only antibodies cmHsp70.1 and IMG-152 detected membrane-bound Hsp70/Bag-4 on the exosomal surface and on the plasma membrane of viable tumors. Antibodies directed toward the NH2-terminal domains of Hsp70 and Bag-4 (15) failed to do so (data not shown). These data indicated that the topology of both molecules on the plasma membrane and on the exosomal surface was identical. Irrespective of their origin, exosomes were strongly positive for MHC class I (Table 1B). Localization of Hsp70 was also documented by immunoelectronmicroscopy on the exosomal surface of CX+ cells (Fig. 2D, bottom). It seemed that Hsp70 is frequently found in pairs on the exosomal surface of CX+ cells. In contrast, exosomes derived from CX– cells completely lack Hsp70 on their surface (Fig. 2D, top). No staining was detected on exosomes stained with control antibody (data not shown). Taken together, our results indicated that despite an identical Hsp70/Bag-4 content in the exosomal lumen, the surface of exosomes reflected that of the tumor cell membranes from which they originated.
Hsp70/Bag-4 surface-positive exosomes induce specific migration in TKD-activated natural killer cells. The C-type lectin receptor CD94 was found to be involved in the interaction of NK cells with Hsp70 protein and also with the 14-mer Hsp70 peptide TKDNNLLGRFELSG (aa450-464, TKD; ref. 38). Recently, we have shown that CD94+ NK cells, but not CD3+ T lymphocytes, specifically migrated toward Hsp70 membrane-positive tumor cells (Colo+ and CX+) and culture supernatants derived thereof (28). These findings indicated that a soluble factor released by Hsp70 membrane-positive tumor cells might initiate migration. Indeed, full-length Hsp70 protein and TKD both induced specific chemotaxis in a dose-dependent manner (28). Here, we examined exosomes with high and low Hsp70/Bag-4 surface expression as attractants for NK cells. Stimulation of NK cells with TKD for 4 days was a prerequisite for their migratory capacity. Preactivated, CD94+ NK cells were placed in the upper compartment of the transwell system; the lower compartment was loaded either with 2-fold concentrated, cell-free supernatants (SN*) of the tumor sublines Colo–/Colo+ and CX–/CX+, as controls, or with exosome-depleted or exosome-enriched fractions of the identical tumor sublines (Fig. 3A). NK cells migrated toward cell culture supernatants (SN*) of Hsp70/Bag-4 membrane-positive Colo+ (18%) and CX+ (12%) tumor cells (black columns) but not toward supernatants of Hsp70/Bag-4–negative Colo– (7%) and CX– (4%) tumor cells (white columns). These results corroborated previous findings from our group (28). Irrespective of their origin, exosome-depleted fractions lack any chemotactic activity. In contrast, exosome-enriched fractions of Colo+ (24%) and CX+ (15%) supernatants initiated a strong chemotactic activity in NK cells, whereas exosome-enriched fractions derived from Colo– (7%) and CX– (3%) cells failed to do so. As an internal control, migration of NK cells was also tested against TKD (Fig. 3B). In line with previous results, CD94+ NK cells migrated toward TKD (14%). This migratory capacity was inhibited by Hsp70–specific antibody (cmHsp70.1), whose epitope is part of the TKD sequence, as indicated in bold: TKDNNLLGRFELSG (39). The marked reduction in the percentage of migrating NK cells from 14% to 4% is illustrated in Fig. 3B (left). An MHC class I–specific antibody (W6/32) had no inhibitory capacity on NK cell migration toward TKD. Comparable results were obtained if exosomes derived from Colo+ cells were used as an attractant. Initial migratory capacity of NK cells toward Colo+ exosomes was 17%; the Hsp70–specific antibody reduced the migratory capacity to 3%, indicating that, indeed, Hsp70 presented on the surface of exosomes was responsible for the migratory capacity of NK cells. Although tumor-derived exosomes were found to be MHC class I surface positive, the migratory capacity of NK cells was not negatively affected by preincubation of the exosomes with an MHC class I–specific antibody (W6/32).
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Previous work indicated that the lytic activity against Hsp70/Bag-4 membrane-positive tumor cells was mediated through the apoptosis-inducing protease granzyme B (41), which provides a surrogate marker for the lytic potential of NK cells. Therefore, cell culture supernatants of NK cells were collected and analyzed quantitatively for the presence of granzyme B after a stimulation period of 4 days with either IL-2 alone or with IL-2 plus different amounts of exosomes derived from Colo– and Colo+ tumor cells. As shown in Fig. 4C, significant release of granzyme B was induced when NK cells were stimulated with 10 µg/mL Hsp70/Bag-4–positive Colo+ exosomes (73 ng/mL). Identical amounts of Hsp70/Bag-4 low-expressing Colo– exosomes resulted in a significantly weaker release of granzyme B (38 ng/mL). Only 17 ng/mL granzyme B was released if NK cells were stimulated with IL-2 alone. Similar results were obtained with exosomes derived from CX+/CX– tumor cells (data not shown). Concomitantly, the cell surface density of CD94, CD56, and CD69 was significantly up-regulated after incubation of NK cells either with TKD or Hsp70/Bag-4 surface-positive exosomes; that of NCRs NKp30, and NKp44 was enhanced by any of the tested stimuli (Table 2C). No significant increase in the cell surface density was observed with respect to NKp46 and NKG2D; that of CD158 was even down-regulated. It is worth mentioning that following stimulation with TKD and Hsp70/Bag-4 surface-positive exosomes, the percentage of NKp30 (46% ± 14), NKp44 (23% ± 12), and CD69 (21% ± 8) positive cells remained significantly lower than that of CD94, NKG2D, and NKp46 (always above 85%).
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Discussion |
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Although the mechanism of transport remained elusive, several groups reported about release of Hsp70 from viable tumor cells that could be further enhanced by exogenous stress (4–6). Recently, an alternative vesicular pathway of Hsp70 export from colon carcinoma cells was hypothesized, not involving the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi compartment (5). These findings are in line with our unpublished observations that drugs perturbing endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport, including monensin and brefeldin A, neither affected plasma membrane expression nor export of Hsp70.4
Here, we addressed the question whether differences in the Hsp70/Bag-4 membrane expression pattern were associated with a different capacity to export these molecules. We found that spontaneous release of soluble Hsp70 by both tumor sublines was rather low. In contrast, detergent-soluble vesicles actively released by both tumor cell types contained high amounts of Hsp70/Bag-4. Biochemical and physical characteristics identified them as exosomes corresponding to internal vesicles, produced by inward budding of endosomal membranes in a process sequestering particular proteins and lipids (16). An enrichment of Rab-4 in exosomes documented their intracellular transport route from early endosomes to the plasma membrane. With respect to their biogenesis, exosomal surfaces resembled that of the plasma membranes from the tumor sublines from which they originated. Even the topology of Hsp70 in the exosomal surface remained identical because only antibodies directed against the COOH terminus reacted with surface-bound molecules.
A recent study highlighted the presence of lipid raft microdomains in exosomal membranes and suggested their participation in vesicular formation (26). In collaboration with the group of Alexzander Asea, we provided evidence that lipid rafts are indeed involved in stress-induced export of Hsp70 by erythroleukemic K562 cells.4 With respect to their function, different possibilities are presently hypothesized. During reticulocyte maturation, secretion of exosomes was found to be associated with loss of the transferrin receptor together with Hsc70. It was assumed that this release enables reticulocytes to externalize obsolete proteins (43). On the other hand, APC-derived exosomes were enriched in immunostimulatory molecules, including MHC class I/II molecules, Hsp70, and Hsc70 (17, 24). This led us to the hypothesis that our tumor-derived exosomes play a major role in the intracellular communication of the immune system. Tumor-derived exosomes provide a source for shared tumor rejection antigens for cross-priming (27). We have shown that contact of NK cells with soluble Hsp70 protein and TKD resulted in an increased cytolytic activity against Hsp70 membrane-positive tumor cells and initiated specific migration (11, 28, 29). Here, we showed that selective exosomes generated from supernatants of Hsp70/Bag-4–positive pancreas (Colo+) and colon (CX+) carcinoma sublines induced migration and cytolytic activity in NK cells that could be completely abrogated by Hsp70-specific antibody. Similar to TKD, exosome-stimulated NK cells kill their targets via granzyme B–mediated apoptosis (41).
It was known from other studies that exosomes derived from APCs have the capacity to prime naive CD8+ T lymphocytes to eradicate tumors (17). Here, we show for the first time that exosomes originating from Hsp70/Bag-4 membrane-positive tumor cells stimulate migration and Hsp70 reactivity in NK cells. In conclusion, depending on their cellular origin, exosomes might be considered as intercellular transporters, trafficking differential stimulation between the adaptive and innate immune system.
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Acknowledgments |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
We thank Lydia Rossbacher, Beate Voll, and Dr. Jürgen Radons for excellent assistance.
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Footnotes |
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4 M.A. Bausero et al. Alternative mechanism by which IFN- enhances tumor recognition: active release of Hsp72. J Immunol, submitted for publication. 
Received 10/22/04. Revised 4/ 6/05. Accepted 4/ 7/05.
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-granules. Blood 1999;94:3791–9.This article has been cited by other articles:
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J. D. Johnson and M. Fleshner Releasing signals, secretory pathways, and immune function of endogenous extracellular heat shock protein 72 J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2006; 79(3): 425 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Bausero, R. Gastpar, G. Multhoff, and A. Asea Alternative Mechanism by which IFN-{gamma} Enhances Tumor Recognition: Active Release of Heat Shock Protein 72 J. Immunol., September 1, 2005; 175(5): 2900 - 2912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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), or in buffer containing the detergent Triton X-100 (1% v/v, 
), Lubrol WX (1% v/v, 
), and Brij 98 (0.5% v/v, 
) were analyzed. One representative kinetic of three independent experiments was illustrated.
