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[Cancer Research 65, 375-378, January 15, 2005]
© 2005 American Association for Cancer Research

Priority Reports

Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis Reveals Frequent Partial Uniparental Disomy Due to Somatic Recombination in Acute Myeloid Leukemias

Manoj Raghavan, Debra M. Lillington, Spyros Skoulakis, Silvana Debernardi, Tracy Chaplin, Nicola J. Foot, T. Andrew Lister and Bryan D. Young

Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Laboratory, Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Requests for reprints: Bryan D. Young, Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Laboratory, Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 6BQ, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-207-882-6002; Fax: 44-207-882-6004; E-mail: bryan.young{at}cancer.org.uk.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
Genome-wide analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in 64 acute myeloid leukemias has revealed that ~20% exhibited large regions of homozygosity that could not be accounted for by visible chromosomal abnormalities in the karyotype. Further analysis confirmed that these patterns were due to partial uniparental disomy (UPD). Remission bone marrow was available from five patients showing UPD in their leukemias, and in all cases the homozygosity was found to be restricted to the leukemic clone. Two examples of UPD11p were shown to be of different parental origin as indicated by the methylation pattern of the H19 gene. Furthermore, a previously identified homozygous mutation in the CEBPA gene coincided with a large-scale UPD on chromosome 19. These cryptic chromosomal abnormalities, which seem to be nonrandom, have the characteristics of somatic recombination events and may define an important new subclass of leukemia.

Key Words: single nucleotide polymorphisms • microarray • acute myeloid leukemia • karyotype • genotype


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 
A large proportion of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has either a normal karyotype or nonrecurrent chromosomal abnormalities and the underlying pathogenesis remains obscure. The introduction of array-based analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allows the rapid determination of genome-wide allelic information at high density for a DNA sample (1, 2). This approach has been used to search for loss of heterozygosity in cancers (3–6) and in this study has been used to characterise DNA samples from 64 presentation AMLs with diploid or near-diploid karyotypes.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
 References
 
Sample Selection. AML diagnostic and remission samples were obtained with ethical approval and patient consent. The karyotypes of the 64 presentation AMLs were as follows: normal karyotype [40], t(8;21) [5], t(15;17) [4], inv16 [3], 11q23 [2], –7 [3], +8 [2] and other structural abnormalities [7]. The French American British classification was as follows: M0 [1], M1 [24], M2 [13], M3 [4], M4 [13], M5 [7], M6 [1], M7 [0]. The age range was 19 to 82 years, with a median of 55.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1.

10K GeneChip Assay. DNA was extracted using standard phenol-chloroform techniques or from the organic phase of TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). DNA probes were prepared using the GeneChip mapping assay protocol (4, 7). (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) with the modification that PCR products were purified using the Ultrafree-MC filtration column (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Signal intensity data was analyzed by the GeneChip DNA analysis software, which uses a model algorithm to generate SNP calls (1). Statistical analysis was done with the R statistical package (8).

Bisulfite Sequence Analysis. The DNA methylation status of the CTCF binding site 6, (Genbank accession no. AF125183; nucleotides 7,855-8,192) included in the H19 differential methylated region on 11p, was assessed by bisulfite genomic sequencing. The genomic DNA of three samples, two with UPD11p15 and one control, was PCR amplified after bisulfite treatment, as previously described (9) using the primers h19-f1, 5'-GAGTTTGGGGGTTTTTGTATAGTAT-3' and h19-r1, 5'-CTTAAATCCCAAACCATAACACTA-3', followed by h19-f2, 5'-GTATATGGGTATTTTTGGAGGT-3'and h19-r2, 5'-CCATAACACTAAAACCCTCAA-3'. The PCR products were directly sequenced.


   Results and Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
References
 
A high-resolution genotype analysis was done on DNA from 64 presentation AML samples. Using the 10K SNP array (Affymetrix; ref. 7), a mean call rate of 93.3% resulted in >10,000 SNP genotype calls per sample. Large unexpected regions of homozygosity were observed in 12 (18.75%) AMLs (Table 1). These regions ranged from 16 million to 113 million bp and were not apparent as abberations in the karyotype. The SNP signal values were calculated within the regions of homozygosity as described (5, 10). In every example, the SNP signal values were indicative of two copies (Table 1). The presence of two copies was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the cases analyzed. DNA from five remission bone marrow samples (available for patients 1, 3, 6, 7, and 10 in Table 1) was subjected to SNP genotype analysis. The SNP call data (not shown) showed clearly that the homozygosity seen in the leukemic DNA was not present in the respective remission bone marrow DNA. All of the SNP calls in the homozygous regions were concordant with the equivalent calls in the remission bone marrow DNA. A comparison between leukemic DNA and remission DNA for patient 3 is presented in Fig. 1A for relevant chromosomes. The large region of homozygosity on chromosome 11q results in a decrease in the ratio of heterozygous-homozygous calls but there was no significant reduction in signal ratio values for the region of homozygosity, indicating a normal copy number for chromosome 11. By contrast, the deletion of 7q, dic(7;22) in the same AML, resulted in leukemia-remission signal ratio values of ~0.5 in the homozygous region. A DNA probe for the MLL gene (11q23), confirmed the presence of two copies of 11q23 in leukemic metaphase and interphase cells from the same patient (Fig. 1B). It was therefore concluded that these regions of homozygosity represented somatically acquired loss of heterozygosity, due to the presence of partial uniparental disomy (UPD).


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  		Table 1. The 12 leukemias exhibiting UPD are listed below with their respective karyotypes

 


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  		Figure 1. Analysis of UPD in AML 3. A, SNP array analysis was performed on remission bone marrow of patient 3 and compared with the genotype of the leukemia of the same patient. The ratio of the number of heterozygous to homozygous calls was calculated in a running window of 20 Mbp. The loss of heterozygosity score (black) is calculated by dividing the above ratio in the diagnosis sample by the same ratio in the remission sample from the same patient. The signal score (red) is calculated as the ratio of the mean signal (Table 1), in a running window of 20 Mbp, between diagnosis and remission samples. Results for analysis of chromosome 11 (top) and chromosome 7 (bottom) in patient 3. B, fluorescence in situ hybridization of a probe for the MLL gene on 11q23 shows two copies in leukemic interphase cells.

 
There seems to be a nonrandom distribution of these events with three examples of UPD11p and two examples each of UPD11q and UPD6p (Fig. 2). In 10 of the 12 examples, the region of loss of heterozygosity continued to the telomere implying that this phenomenon is due to somatic recombination. It was also apparent that the points of recombination are clearly different in all examples. In one example, the entire chromosome 13 was homozygous (patient 11) suggesting either a nondisjunction event followed by chromosomal duplication or a recombination close to the centromere.



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  		Figure 2. Analysis of UPD in AML samples. Display of SNP calls for chromosomes exhibiting large regions of homozygosity. Left column, A/A calls (blue); middle column, A/B calls (red); right column, B/B calls (blue) for each chromosome. Below each set of calls, patient numbers (Table 1).

 
The expression of imprinted genes in the homozygous regions would be profoundly affected. Congenital disorders associated with UPD have been linked to a single parental origin (e.g., Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome and paternal UPD of 11p15; ref. 11), suggesting the parental pattern of methylation is important to the pathogenesis of such disorders. Any parental bias in the UPD in AML would indicate a role for imprinted genes. The H19 gene, located at 11p15, is normally methylated only on the paternal allele (9). Two leukemias exhibited UPD including 11p15 and the methylation status of the H19 gene was therefore determined by bisulfite sequencing. One leukemia with UPD11p (patient 1) exhibited a homozygous methylated paternal H19 genes, whereas the other example of UPD11p (patient 2) showed homozygous nonmethylated maternal pattern (Fig. 3). A control leukemia with heterozygous SNP calls for 11p showed a mixed methylated and nonmethylated pattern (Fig. 3). Hence, the homozygosity on 11p is not restricted to a single parental origin. In a previous analysis (12), one of the leukemias studied here (leukemia 10 in Table 1) was homozygous for a CEBPA mutation and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed two copies of the CEBPA gene. This gene is located at 19q13.1, within the area of UPD and we conclude that the mutation occurred before the UPD. An important consequence of UPD could be to unmask preexisting mutations.



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  		Figure 3. Analysis of DNA methylation of the CTCF binding site 6, included in the H19 DMR. Part of the sequence obtained with h19r2 oligonucleotide; arrows, three CpG sites. Genomic DNA sequence before bisulfite treatment (above) and patient numbers. Top, (patient 1, Table 1) all the cytosines in the CpG dinucleotides of both alleles remain unchanged, therefore methylated, indicating homozygosity for the paternal allele. Middle, (patient 2, Table 1) all the cytosines in the CpG dinucleotides of both alleles are converted in thymine by the treatment (adenine in the chromatogram as the reverse strand), indicating homozygosity for the maternal allele. Bottom, (patient 3) both alleles (two overlapping peaks), indicating a state of heterozygosity.

 
Microsatellite markers have shown UPD in other clonal hematologic disorders such as polycythaemia vera (13) and childhood acute leukemia (14). A study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has shown the consistent loss of maternal alleles on 9p without evidence of cytogenetic deletions in the same region (15). In solid tumors, UPD has been observed in breast cancer (16), uveal melanoma (17), Wilm's tumors (18), retinoblastoma (19), and in tumors associated with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome (11). A recent study of solid tumor cell lines using SNP genotyping has suggested that somatic recombination may be playing a role because regions of homozygosity were observed which corresponded to normal copy number values (10). In the general population, UPD is a rare occurrence (20).

The discovery of somatically acquired UPD in leukemias has potentially important clinical implications. In this study, 20% of the normal karyotype AMLs were found to have UPD, and this could offer a valuable new approach to the classification of this important subgroup of AML. The prognostic consequences of UPD for the patient are uncertain, and larger studies will be required to assess the clinical significance of this phenomenon.


   Acknowledgments
 
Grant support: Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund, Barts and Royal London Charitable Foundation, and Barts Foundation for Research.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

We thank John Amess for phenotype analysis of leukemias.

Received 10/12/04. Revised 11/15/04. Accepted 11/18/04.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 References
 

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  4. Wong KK, Tsang YT, Shen J, et al. Allelic imbalance analysis by high-density single-nucleotide polymorphic allele (SNP) array with whole genome amplified DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2004;32:e69.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  6. Wang ZC, Lin M, Wei LJ, et al. Loss of heterozygosity and its correlation with expression profiles in subclasses of invasive breast cancers. Cancer Res 2004;64:64–71.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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C. Agueli, R. Basirico, F. Fabbiano, V. Rizzo, L. Cascio, G. Cammarata, A. Marfia, M. La Rosa, S. Mirto, and A. Santoro
Loss of heterozygosity in acute leukemia: evidence of frequent submicroscopic deletions
Haematologica, May 1, 2007; 92(5): 678 - 681.
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 JCOHome page
J. Suela, C. Largo, B. Ferreira, S. Alvarez, M. Robledo, A. Gonzalez-Neira, M. J. Calasanz, and J. C. Cigudosa
Neurofibromatosis 1, and Not TP53, Seems to Be the Main Target of Chromosome 17 Deletions in De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia
J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2007; 25(9): 1151 - 1152.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
M. Stark and N. Hayward
Genome-Wide Loss of Heterozygosity and Copy Number Analysis in Melanoma Using High-Density Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays
Cancer Res., March 15, 2007; 67(6): 2632 - 2642.
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 BloodHome page
D. Pfeifer, M. Pantic, I. Skatulla, J. Rawluk, C. Kreutz, U. M. Martens, P. Fisch, J. Timmer, and H. Veelken
Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number changes and LOH in CLL using high-density SNP arrays
Blood, February 1, 2007; 109(3): 1202 - 1210.
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 CarcinogenesisHome page
C. L. Andersen, C. Wiuf, M. Kruhoffer, M. Korsgaard, S. Laurberg, and T. F. Orntoft
Frequent occurrence of uniparental disomy in colorectal cancer
Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2007; 28(1): 38 - 48.
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 ASH Education BookHome page
H. Dohner
Implication of the Molecular Characterization of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Hematology, January 1, 2007; 2007(1): 412 - 419.
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 Genome ResHome page
D. A. Peiffer, J. M. Le, F. J. Steemers, W. Chang, T. Jenniges, F. Garcia, K. Haden, J. Li, C. A. Shaw, J. Belmont, et al.
High-resolution genomic profiling of chromosomal aberrations using Infinium whole-genome genotyping
Genome Res., September 1, 2006; 16(9): 1136 - 1148.
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 BloodHome page
K. Stephens, M. Weaver, K. A. Leppig, K. Maruyama, P. D. Emanuel, M. M. Le Beau, and K. M. Shannon
Interstitial uniparental isodisomy at clustered breakpoint intervals is a frequent mechanism of NF1 inactivation in myeloid malignancies
Blood, September 1, 2006; 108(5): 1684 - 1689.
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 BloodHome page
B. A. Walker, P. E. Leone, M. W. Jenner, C. Li, D. Gonzalez, D. C. Johnson, F. M. Ross, F. E. Davies, and G. J. Morgan
Integration of global SNP-based mapping and expression arrays reveals key regions, mechanisms, and genes important in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma
Blood, September 1, 2006; 108(5): 1733 - 1743.
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J. C. Strefford, F. W. van Delft, H. M. Robinson, H. Worley, O. Yiannikouris, R. Selzer, T. Richmond, I. Hann, T. Bellotti, M. Raghavan, et al.
Complex genomic alterations and gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21
PNAS, May 23, 2006; 103(21): 8167 - 8172.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
M. Gaasenbeek, K. Howarth, A. J. Rowan, P. A. Gorman, A. Jones, T. Chaplin, Y. Liu, D. Bicknell, E. J. Davison, H. Fiegler, et al.
Combined array-comparative genomic hybridization and single-nucleotide polymorphism-loss of heterozygosity analysis reveals complex changes and multiple forms of chromosomal instability in colorectal cancers.
Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3471 - 3479.
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 Hum Mol GenetHome page
C. T. Storlazzi, T. Fioretos, C. Surace, A. Lonoce, A. Mastrorilli, B. Strombeck, P. D'Addabbo, F. Iacovelli, C. Minervini, A. Aventin, et al.
MYC-containing double minutes in hematologic malignancies: evidence in favor of the episome model and exclusion of MYC as the target gene
Hum. Mol. Genet., March 15, 2006; 15(6): 933 - 942.
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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
V. J. Wongsurawat, J. C. Finley, P. C. Galipeau, C. A. Sanchez, C. C. Maley, X. Li, P. L. Blount, R. D. Odze, P. S. Rabinovitch, and B. J. Reid
Genetic Mechanisms of TP53 Loss of Heterozygosity in Barrett's Esophagus: Implications for Biomarker Validation.
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2006; 15(3): 509 - 516.
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 Nucleic Acids ResHome page
B. Ylstra, P. van den IJssel, B. Carvalho, R. H. Brakenhoff, and G. A. Meijer
BAC to the future! or oligonucleotides: a perspective for micro array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH)
Nucleic Acids Res., January 26, 2006; 34(2): 445 - 450.
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M. Raghavan, R. E. Gale, S. Skoulakis, T. Chaplin, G. Y. Molloy, D. C. Linch, A. K. Burnett, and B. D. Young
An Increased Frequency of Abnormalities Including Uniparental Disomy Is Detected by SNP Array Compared with Conventional Karyotype Analysis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), November 16, 2005; 106(11): 97 - 97.
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Y.-J. Lu, J. Yang, E. Noel, S. Skoulakis, T. Chaplin, M. Raghavan, T. Purkis, A. Mcintyre, S. C. Kudahetti, M. Naase, et al.
Association between Large-scale Genomic Homozygosity without Chromosomal Loss and Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Development
Cancer Res., October 15, 2005; 65(20): 9137 - 9141.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
J. Fitzgibbon, L.-L. Smith, M. Raghavan, M. L. Smith, S. Debernardi, S. Skoulakis, D. Lillington, T. A. Lister, and B. D. Young
Association between Acquired Uniparental Disomy and Homozygous Gene Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemias
Cancer Res., October 15, 2005; 65(20): 9152 - 9154.
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M.-T. Teh, D. Blaydon, T. Chaplin, N. J. Foot, S. Skoulakis, M. Raghavan, C. A. Harwood, C. M. Proby, M. P. Philpott, B. D. Young, et al.
Genomewide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Microarray Mapping in Basal Cell Carcinomas Unveils Uniparental Disomy as a Key Somatic Event
Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 65(19): 8597 - 8603.
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A. V. Jones, S. Kreil, K. Zoi, K. Waghorn, C. Curtis, L. Zhang, J. Score, R. Seear, A. J. Chase, F. H. Grand, et al.
Widespread occurrence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in chronic myeloproliferative disorders
Blood, September 15, 2005; 106(6): 2162 - 2168.
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Y. Nannya, M. Sanada, K. Nakazaki, N. Hosoya, L. Wang, A. Hangaishi, M. Kurokawa, S. Chiba, D. K. Bailey, G. C. Kennedy, et al.
A Robust Algorithm for Copy Number Detection Using High-Density Oligonucleotide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping Arrays
Cancer Res., July 15, 2005; 65(14): 6071 - 6079.
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 NEJMHome page
R. Kralovics, F. Passamonti, A. S. Buser, S.-S. Teo, R. Tiedt, J. R. Passweg, A. Tichelli, M. Cazzola, and R. C. Skoda
A Gain-of-Function Mutation of JAK2 in Myeloproliferative Disorders
N. Engl. J. Med., April 28, 2005; 352(17): 1779 - 1790.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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