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Immunology |
1 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota and 2 The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
Requests for reprints: Lieping Chen, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 North Wolfe Street, Jefferson Street, Building 1-121, Baltimore, MD 21287. Phone: 410-502-0957; Fax: 410-502-0961l; E-mail: lchen42{at}jhmi.edu.
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Key Words: PD-1 • immune surveillance • lymphocyte activation
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Introduction |
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B7-H1 (PD-L1) is a cell-surface molecule of the B7 family with a profound effect on the regulation of T- and B-cell responses (8–10). Whereas B7-H1 mRNA is distributed broadly in normal tissues and organs (8–11), protein expression of B7-H1 is found on macrophage-like cells in the liver, lung, and tonsil (12). The expression of B7-H1 is also found in placenta trophoblasts (13–15), some human epithelial tissues, and myocardium (14, 15) as well as a fraction of dendritic cells (8, 10, 12, 15) . B7-H1 could be stimulatory and inhibitory for T-cell functions, perhaps due to ligation of different receptors as well as reverse signaling of B7-H1 to T cells (16, 17). Recent in vivo studies indicate that interaction of B7-H1 to programmed death-1 (PD-1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily found on activated T, B, and myeloid cells, may induce a negative regulatory signal and inhibit T-cell responses. PD-1-deficient mice develop systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases (18, 19). In addition, infusion of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against PD-1 increased incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalitis and experimental diabetes (20, 21). On the other hand, B7-H1, as well as its homologue ligand, B7-DC (22, 23), is capable of costimulating growth of T cells from PD-1–/– mice (9, 24, 25). Moreover, mutants of B7-H1 and B7-DC, which have lost their ability to bind PD-1, costimulate normal responses to T cells from both PD-1+/+ and PD-1–/– mice in vitro (9). Blockade of B7-H1 by neutralizing mAb accelerates progression of inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model (26). Therefore, B7-H1 could potentially regulate T-cell responses in both positive and negative directions.
Although the role of B7-H1 in the regulation of T-cell responses in inflammation and autoimmunity seems to be complex and is still under debate, B7-H1 is consistently inhibitory on tumor immunity. Constitutive expression of B7-H1 has been found on a majority of freshly isolated human cancers including melanoma and carcinomas of lung, ovary, colon, bladder, breast, cervix, liver, head, and neck and glioblastoma (12, 15, 27, 28). Although surface expression of B7-H1 was only found in a small fraction of cultured cancer lines of human (12) and mouse origin (12, 16, 29) , its expression could be rapidly up-regulated by IFN-
(12). These findings suggest that the expression of B7-H1 on tumor cells is controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor B7-H1 is found to promote apoptosis of activated effector T cells (12) and to decrease susceptibility of tumor cells to lysis by activated T cells in 4-hour 51Cr release assays (29). Whereas these findings suggest a role of B7-H1 in evasion of tumor immunity, the effect of tumor-associated B7-H1 on cancer immunotherapy and vaccination is not yet evaluated. In this study, we show that B7-H1 expression renders tumor resistance to immunotherapy and cancer vaccination in mouse tumor models and suggest that B7-H1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on T cells may form a "B7-H1/PD-1 shield" to prevent lysis by T cells.
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Materials and Methods |
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was purchased from Roche (Mannheim, Germany) and was used for treatment of tumor cells at 200 units/mL overnight. mAbs, Fusion Proteins, and Flow Cytometry Analysis. Purified mAbs against mouse CD3, CD8, CD28, CD16/32, H-2Ld, H-2Dd, and H-2Kd were purchased from PharMingen (San Diego, CA). FITC- or phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies and FITC-conjugated goat anti-hamster antibodies were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA). An Armenian hamster mAb (clone 10B5) against mouse B7-H1 (12), a rat mAb (clone 2A) against mouse CD137 (33), and mouse B7-H1Ig fusion protein (11) were described previously. Hamster mAb (clone G4) against mouse PD-1 was produced by immunizing an Armenian hamster with mouse PD-1Ig fusion protein by established method (33). G4 mAb is specific for mouse PD-1 and does not bind human PD-1 as well as mouse CTLA-4, CD28, and ICOS. Control mouse, hamster, and rat immunoglobulin G were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). H-2Ld pentamer conjugated with P1A-specific peptide was purchased from Pro Immune Inc. (Springfield, VA). Tumor cells were incubated with the primary mAb at 4°C for 30 minutes in the presence of the CD16/32 mAb to block Fc receptor. The cells were washed and further incubated with phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary mAbs. Fluorescence was detected by FACScan flow cytometry and analyzed with Cell Quest software (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA).
Animal Studies and Tumor Models. Tumor lines were inoculated at their minimal tumorigenicity dose (30) into the shaved left back of mice in a 100-µL volume of PBS. Tumor size, presented as the average of two perpendicular diameters (millimeters), was measured at regular intervals. To detect the expression of mouse B7-H1, solid tumors (14-21 days after injection) were excised, ground to prepare the cell suspension, and subsequently stained with 10B5 mAb plus FITC-conjugated goat anti-hamster antibodies for fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) analysis. For treatment of established tumors, mice were given i.p. injections of 100 µg control rat immunoglobulin G or 2A mAb on days 7 and 10. In some experiments, combined treatment with 100 µg control hamster immunoglobulin G or 10B5 mAb on days 7, 10, 13, and 16 were also done. To evaluate the role of P1A CTL in the inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, 5x104 mock-transfected P815 (mock/P815) or B7-H1/P815 cells were mixed with 5 x 105 activated P1A CTLs and immediately inoculated s.c. into the shaved right flank of DBA/2 mice.
CTL Growth, Survival, Division, and Cytolytic Activity. P1A CTL clones were stimulated by irradiated wild-type (WT) P815 cells in the presence of irradiated syngeneic spleen cells as antigen-presenting cells. On days 3 to 5, cells were incubated with 51Cr-labeled target cells at indicated effector/target (E/T) ratios for either 4 or 12 hours as described previously (30, 34). EL4 or L1210 lymphomas were used for controls. The spontaneous releases of 51Cr are <10% in 4-hour assays and <20% in 12-hour assays.
To determine the death of cells, direct counting of viable cells were used. For this assay, 6 x 105 mock/P815 or B7-H1/P815 cells were incubated with 3 x 105 activated P1A CTL clones in 24-well plates. After incubation for 12 hours, cells were harvested and stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated mAb to CD8 and B7-H1 (10B5) for FACS analysis.
In target competition assay, 1.5 x 105 mock/P815 and 1.5 x 105 B7-H1/P815 cells were premixed and incubated with 3 x 105 activated P1A CTLs in 24-well plates for 12 hours. Cells were stained with phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD8 mAb and 10B5 mAb plus FITC-conjugated goat anti-hamster immunoglobulin antibodies, and all cells were counted by flow cytometry. Wells containing P1A CTLs with 3 x105 mock/P815 cells alone or 3 x 105 B7-H1/P815 cells alone were also included as positive and negative controls, respectively. Percent lysis was calculated as 100–(percentage of viable P815 cells after incubation with CTLs versus P815 cells alone without CTLs). For purification of P1A CTLs after coculture with P815 cells, we used anti-CD90 MicroBeads in the magnetic field of a MACS magnetic separator, as instructed by the manufacturer (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA).
For the generation of alloreactive CTLs, lymph node cells (2 x 106/mL) from C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with irradiated spleen cells (2 x 106/mL) from DBA/2 mice in 24-well plates for 5 days. Cells were harvested and cocultured with target cells for 51Cr release assays. For assay of proliferative capacity, P1A CTLs at 1.5 x 104 cells/mL and soluble anti-CD28 mAb (2 µg/mL) were added to 96-well plates coated with anti-CD3 (2 µg/mL). Proliferation of CTLs was assessed by the addition of 1 µCi per well [3H]thymidine during the last 18 hours of 3-day culture. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was measured in a MicroBeta TriLux liquid scintillation counter (Wallac, Turku, Finland).
For the generation of P815-specific CTLs (30), spleen cells (2 x 106/mL) from preimmunized DBA/2 mice were stimulated with irradiated mock/P815 or B7-H1/P815 cells (2 x 105/mL) in 24-well plates for the indicated days. Cells were harvested and cocultured with WT P815 or L1210 target cells for 51Cr release assays as described previously.
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on 4T1, AG104A, and EMT-6 tumor lines, with the exception of P815, EL4, and C3. In addition, expression of B7-H1 on 4T1, a breast cancer line 4T1 that does not constitutively express B7-H1, could be detected by growth in syngeneic mice (Fig. 1A), suggesting that B7-H1 could be inducible in vivo. To exclude the effect of B7-H1 expression on host cells, the same experiments were also done in B7-H1-deficient mice (BALB/c background) and the results were identical.3 We conclude that similar to human cancers, B7-H1 is widely expressed by mouse tumors and, in addition to constitutive expression on some tumor lines, its expression could be induced in vitro and in vivo.
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, a potent inducer of B7-H1 (Table 1). We first established several stable P815 clones constitutively expressing mouse B7-H1. The expression of B7-H1 in a representative clone, B7-H1/P815, was confirmed by staining with B7-H1 mAb and analyzed by flow cytometry. As indicated in Fig. 1B, WT P815 and mock/P815 line did not express B7-H1, whereas B7-H1/P815 did. Furthermore, mouse B7-H1Ig completely blocked the binding of 10B5 mAb to B7-H1/P815 (data not shown), indicating the specificity of the assay. Flow cytometry analysis showed no differences in the expression of H-2Dd, H-2Kd, and H-2Ld among these transfectants (Fig. 1B). To determine the effect of tumor-associated B7-H1 in the growth of P815 tumors, cells from mock/P815 or B7-H1/P815 were inoculated s.c. into naive DBA/2 mice. Both tumor lines were equally capable of inducing progressively growing tumors in both syngeneic and immunodeficient BALB/c nu/nu mice (Fig. 1C). Therefore, expression of B7-H1 on P815 tumor cells did not affect both tumorigenicity and immunogenicity of P815 tumors in immunocompetent mice. Tumor-Associated B7-H1 Confers Resistance to CD137 mAb Therapy for Established Tumors. We next examined the effect of tumor B7-H1 expression in effector function of tumor immunity. Agonistic mAb to mouse CD137/4-1BB has been shown to induce regression of established P815 tumors in syngeneic mice in which tumor-specific CD8+ CTLs play a central role (35). To determine the effect of B7-H1 in this therapy, we first inoculated mice s.c. with cells from mock/P815 or B7-H1/P815. On day 7, the mice developed palpable tumors in the range of 3 to 5 mm in mean tumor diameter. The mice were then treated with 2A, an agonistic mAb specific for mouse CD137 (33). As expected, tumor regression was observed after 2A treatment in 5 of 5 mice inoculated with mock/P815, whereas all mice treated with control rat immunoglobulin G developed tumors progressively (Fig. 2A, left). Whereas inoculation of B7-H1/P815 cells also developed tumors progressively after treatment by control mAb, 2A treatment could only temporarily delay tumor growth; eventually, all the mice developed large, established tumors (Fig. 2A, middle). There was no survival benefit from 2A treatment for the B7-H1/P815 tumor-bearing mice compared with those with mock/P815 tumors undergoing complete tumor regression after 2A treatment (Fig. 2A, right). This result indicates that expression of B7-H1 confers tumor resistance to CD137 costimulatory therapy.
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To show the role of in vivo inducible B7-H1 on tumor cells in the evasion of tumor immunity, we also tested the effect of B7-H1 blocking mAbs in immunotherapy of 4T1 breast cancer. As we showed above (Fig. 1A), 4T1 tumors have up-regulated B7-H1 during progressive growth in vivo. S.c inoculation of 4T1 cells induced progressive growth of tumors. Treatment of the mice with 2A mAb starting at day 7 partially inhibited the growth of tumor. However, all mice eventually developed progressive tumors and died, whereas treatment of the mice with 10B5 did not have any effect. Combined treatment by 2A and 10B5 led to complete regression of established 4T1 tumor (Fig. 2D). Treatment by 10B5 alone had minimal effect on tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest that expression of B7-H1 on tumor cells only evade active T-cell immunity in effect or cell levels.
Tumor-Associated B7-H1 Confers Resistance to CD8+ CTL Lysis In vivo and In vitro. To directly test the possibility that B7-H1 confers resistance to activated T-cell immunity in effect or phase in vivo, we used a T-cell adoptive transfer system in which P815 cells were mixed with in vitro preactivated P1A-specific CD8+ CTL clones in a 1:10 ratio and inoculated s.c. into DBA/2 mice. In this test, activated CTLs can directly contact tumor cells in vivo to mimic the effector phase of activated T cells at the tumor site. In this experimental setting, growth of mock/P815 tumors was inhibited completely. In sharp contrast, B7-H1/P815 tumors grew progressively and killed the mice (Fig. 3A). The progressive growth of B7-H1/P815 tumor, however, could be eliminated by injecting 10B5 mAb (Fig. 3B). Our results thus indicate that B7-H1 on tumor cells confers resistance to tumor antigen-specific CTLs and the resistance could be eliminated by B7-H1 blockade in vivo.
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Exposure to B7-H1+ Tumor Does Not Induce T-Cell Tolerance/Anergy. It is possible that inhibition of cytotoxicity by B7-H1/P815 cells is due to rapid induction of T-cell functional deficiency after exposure to B7-H1. If this is the case, exposure to B7-H1/P815 will induce an inhibition of CTL activity, not only against B7-H1/P815 but also against mock/P815 cells. To test this, we mixed mock/P815 and B7-H1/P815 in equal numbers and incubated the mixture with activated P1A CTLs in a T cell/tumor cell ratio of 1:2 to insure sufficient exposure of T cells to tumor cells. Upon 12 hours incubation, cells were counted and the remaining P815 cells were gated based on size, CD8 marker (negative on P815), and B7-H1 expression. As shown in Fig. 4A (left), three populations of cells in the culture, P1A CTLs (CD8+, B7-H1–), mock/P815 (CD8–, B7-H1–), and B7-H1/P815 (CD8–, B7-H1+) could be easily distinguished by FACS analysis after double staining with mAb of CD8 and B7-H1. More important, more than 90% of mock/P815 cells in the mixture were lysed, whereas only ~35% of B7-H1/P815 cells were killed in the mixture (Fig. 4A, right). This result suggests that P1A-CTL is not functionally defective after exposure to B7-H1/P815 cells. We reisolated P1A CTLs and tested their cytolytic activity, after incubating with B7-H1/P815 cells for 12 hours, against WT P815. There was no inhibition on CTL activity to P815 cells in either 4-hour (Fig. 4B, left) or 12-hour assays (Fig. 4B, right). In addition, the reisolated P1A CTLs had a similar proliferative response to anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in vitro (Fig. 4C). More important, this phenomenon is not limited to P1A CTL because alloreactive CTL from C57BL/6 mice was also significantly inhibited against B7-H1/P815 in comparison with mock/P815 cells (Fig. 4D). Taken together, our results indicate that activated CTLs remain functionally normal after exposure to B7-H1 on tumor cells and the inhibition seems to be exclusively due to tumor resistance to CTL lysis.
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Discussion |
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Although the role of B7-H1 in inhibiting T-cell response has been confirmed in a number of studies, underlying mechanisms for this inhibition are different. Currently, three possible mechanisms are observed based on independent experimental systems. Transfection to express B7-H1 into Chinese hamster ovary cells inhibits cell cycle progression of activated DO11.10 T cells in the presence of B7/CD28 costimulation in vitro (23). It is worth noting that apoptosis of activated T cells does not increase in this system (23). Moreover, blocking B7-H1 by a mAb stimulated proliferation of anergic human T cells, which were induced by IL-10-treated human dendritic cells, suggesting that B7-H1 is involved in the induction of T-cell anergy (14). Several studies support that B7-H1 promotes apoptosis of activated T cells. We have shown in a previous report that coculture of a gp100-specific human CTL clone with B7-H1-transfected 624 melanoma cells for 72 hours failed to inhibit their growth, whereas the inhibition could be achieved in B7-H1 negative 624 melanoma cells. During the culture, apoptosis of CTL increased, which could be partially blocked by anti-human B7-H1 mAb (12). Adoptive transfer of activated 2C T cells into the mice bearing B7-H1-transfected P815 cells underwent profound apoptosis (12). In a recent study, significant decrease of CD8+ T-cell apoptosis was observed in the liver of B7-H1-deficient mice (36). Our experiments show that constitutive and inducible B7-H1 expression by P815 tumors could evade therapeutic immunity in vivo, whereas there is no obvious increase in apoptosis of CTL by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling assay.4 In addition, exposure of effector CTL to B7-H1 in vitro does not induce T-cell anergy because these T cells are fully competent to respond to the same antigens in vitro. Instead, our in vitro findings suggest a new mechanism; that is, B7-H1 on tumor cells formed a temporal shield to prevent the lysis by antigen-specific CTLs. Our findings indicate that B7-H1 may evade T-cell responses utilizing multiple mechanisms. The reasons for the use of diverse mechanisms by B7-H1 in inhibition of T-cell responses is yet unknown. It is possible that T cells in different stages of activation may express different receptors and it has been suggested that other receptors other than PD-1 may mediate apoptosis and/or costimulation (9, 12, 18, 24, 25).
Iwai et al. observed that B7-H1-expressing P815 cells had decreased susceptibility to lysis by H-2Ld-specific 2C T cells and by a polyclonal CTL line against P815 in 4-hour 51Cr release assays, suggesting that the expression of B7-H1 on tumor cells could directly affect lysis by CTLs (29). In our system, B7-H1/P815 cells remain sensitive to the lysis by a P1A-specific CTL clone in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. Instead, B7-H1/P815 cells become resistant to CTL lysis only in extended 12-hour culture. Therefore, the inhibition observed in our system could not be simply interpreted as resistance to perforin/granzyme pathway, which is believed to be a dominant effector mechanism in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. Cytolytic activity against B7-H1/P815 cells in 4-hour 51Cr release assays is antigen specific, indicating that TCR-specific recognition takes place. In our system, it is also unlikely that this observation is due to insufficient exposure of effector CTL to tumor cells, because during the stimulation of CTL in vitro, T cell/tumor cell ratio was 1:2 (Fig. 4). More important, P1A CTL is also less effective in inhibiting B7-H1+ tumor growth after adoptive transfer into mice, suggesting that this mechanism also operates in vivo. A possible interpretation for the observed molecular shield phenomenon is that B7-H1 may be integrated within immunologic synapse when tumor cells contact activated T cells in such a way that T-cell receptor-MHC interaction is disturbed. This hypothesis remains to be tested in the future. Interestingly, a recent study indicates that PD-1 colocalization with TCR is required for its inhibitory function (37), suggesting that B7-H1 on tumor cells may directly bind to PD-1 to prevent TCR-mediated recognition or signaling function. It is worth noting that all proposed mechanisms thus far, including cell cycle arrest, T-cell anergy, T-cell apoptosis, and molecular shield, may not be mutually exclusive, but utilized by cancer cells to evade immune responses during tumor progression. We found that although treatment with anti-CD137 mAb increased P1A-specific CTL in tumor-draining lymph nodes by staining with specific MHC-peptide pentamer, combined treatment with anti-B7-H1 mAbs further increased the frequency of P1A-specific CTLs (see Supplementary Fig. 1). This suggests that other evasion mechanisms in addition to B7-H1 shield formation also play roles in preventing expansion or accumulation of CTLs in tumor-draining lymph nodes.
Recent studies from our laboratory and others indicate that expression of B7-H1 promotes the growth of highly immunogenic P815 tumor cells (12), including a B7-1-transfected P815 (30) and a spontaneously regressing immunogenic P815 mutant (29). Blockade of B7-H1 by 10B5 mAb inhibited apoptosis of activated alloreactive 2C T cells, suppressed growth of P815 cells in vivo (12), and blocked B7-H1-mediated promotion of P815 tumor growth (29). These studies, however, did not directly address whether the expression of B7-H1 will make cancer cells resistant to immunotherapy. Our results indicate that B7-H1 expression on tumor cells profoundly affect the tumor's resistance to T-cell destruction after CD137 costimulation therapy, even though this method has been shown to elicit potent T-cell responses and to lead to regression of established P815 tumors as well as other tumor models (33, 35).
T cell–based immunotherapies have been extensively tested in clinical trials for the treatment of patients suffering from advanced cancers but with limited success (1, 2). Similar results have also been obtained by adoptive immunotherapy using in vitro activated T cells reactive to tumor antigens (1). B7-H1 is widely expressed by most human cancers. Our studies provide a possible explanation for the limited success of these immunotherapy trials and predict that blockade of B7-H1 may prevent the evasion of T-cell responses and augment the efficacy of immunotherapies and recurrence. Therefore, selective blocking of B7-H1 or PD-1 may represent a new opportunity for the improvement of cancer immunotherapy.
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Acknowledgments |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
We thank Drs. Hans Schreiber and W. Martin Kast for generous gifts of cell lines, Andrew Flies and Jessica Kokosinski for technical assistance, and Kathryn Jensen and Jennifer Osborne for editing the manuscript.
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3 F. Hirano, unpublished results. 
4 Hirano et al., unpublished data.
Received 3/16/04. Revised 10/20/04. Accepted 11/18/04.
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R. E. Sadun, S. M. Sachsman, X. Chen, K. W. Christenson, W. Z. Morris, P. Hu, and A. L. Epstein Immune Signatures of Murine and Human Cancers Reveal Unique Mechanisms of Tumor Escape and New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2007; 13(13): 4016 - 4025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Tsushima, S. Yao, T. Shin, A. Flies, S. Flies, H. Xu, K. Tamada, D. M. Pardoll, and L. Chen Interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 determines initiation and reversal of T-cell anergy Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 180 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Liu, A. Hamrouni, D. Wolowiec, V. Coiteux, K. Kuliczkowski, D. Hetuin, A. Saudemont, and B. Quesnel Plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients express B7-H1 (PD-L1) and increase expression after stimulation with IFN-{gamma} and TLR ligands via a MyD88-, TRAF6-, and MEK-dependent pathway Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 296 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. V. Goldberg, C. H. Maris, E. L. Hipkiss, A. S. Flies, L. Zhen, R. M. Tuder, J. F. Grosso, T. J. Harris, D. Getnet, K. A. Whartenby, et al. Role of PD-1 and its ligand, B7-H1, in early fate decisions of CD8 T cells Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 186 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Waeckerle-Men, A. Starke, and R. P. Wuthrich PD-L1 partially protects renal tubular epithelial cells from the attack of CD8+cytotoxic T cells Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2007; 22(6): 1527 - 1536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. G. Elpek, C. Lacelle, N. P. Singh, E. S. Yolcu, and H. Shirwan CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells Dominate Multiple Immune Evasion Mechanisms in Early but Not Late Phases of Tumor Development in a B Cell Lymphoma Model J. Immunol., June 1, 2007; 178(11): 6840 - 6848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nomi, M. Sho, T. Akahori, K. Hamada, A. Kubo, H. Kanehiro, S. Nakamura, K. Enomoto, H. Yagita, M. Azuma, et al. Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Potential of the Programmed Death-1 Ligand/Programmed Death-1 Pathway in Human Pancreatic Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 13(7): 2151 - 2157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Krambeck, H. Dong, R. H. Thompson, S. M. Kuntz, C. M. Lohse, B. C. Leibovich, M. L. Blute, T. J. Sebo, J. C. Cheville, A. S. Parker, et al. Survivin and B7-H1 Are Collaborative Predictors of Survival and Represent Potential Therapeutic Targets for Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2007; 13(6): 1749 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Hamanishi, M. Mandai, M. Iwasaki, T. Okazaki, Y. Tanaka, K. Yamaguchi, T. Higuchi, H. Yagi, K. Takakura, N. Minato, et al. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are prognostic factors of human ovarian cancer PNAS, February 27, 2007; 104(9): 3360 - 3365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H. Thompson, H. Dong, and E. D. Kwon Implications of B7-H1 Expression in Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney for Prognostication and Therapy Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2007; 13(2): 709s - 715s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. S. Kornbluth and G. W. Stone Immunostimulatory combinations: designing the next generation of vaccine adjuvants J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 80(5): 1084 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Lizee, L. G. Radvanyi, W. W. Overwijk, and P. Hwu Improving Antitumor Immune Responses by Circumventing Immunoregulatory Cells and Mechanisms. Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 12(16): 4794 - 4803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Martin-Orozco and C. Dong New battlefields for costimulation J. Exp. Med., April 17, 2006; 203(4): 817 - 820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. H. Thompson, S. M. Kuntz, B. C. Leibovich, H. Dong, C. M. Lohse, W. S. Webster, S. Sengupta, I. Frank, A. S. Parker, H. Zincke, et al. Tumor B7-H1 Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients with Long-term Follow-up. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 66(7): 3381 - 3385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Tirapu, E. Huarte, C. Guiducci, A. Arina, M. Zaratiegui, O. Murillo, A. Gonzalez, C. Berasain, P. Berraondo, P. Fortes, et al. Low Surface Expression of B7-1 (CD80) Is an Immunoescape Mechanism of Colon Carcinoma Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 66(4): 2442 - 2450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tamura, K. Dan, K. Tamada, K. Nakamura, Y. Shioi, H. Hyodo, S.-D. Wang, H. Dong, L. Chen, and K. Ogata Expression of Functional B7-H2 and B7.2 Costimulatory Molecules and Their Prognostic Implications in De novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia Clin. Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 11(16): 5708 - 5717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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, B7-H1/P815; 
, mock/P815; 
, P1A CTL (after culture with B7-H1/P815); and 
, P1A CTL (after culture with mock/P815).
), B7-H1/P815 (solid symbols) or L1210 cells (
) were included at 10 µg/mL at the beginning of the culture. CTL activity was determined in 51Cr release assays. Points, means of triplicates; bars, SD. Representative of three experiments. C, G4 resumes susceptibility of B7-H1/P815 cells to alloreactive CTL lysis. Lymph node cells from B6 mice were stimulated with irradiated spleen cells from DBA/2. Five days later, purified T cells were incubated at indicated E/T ratios with 51Cr-labeled mock/P815 (