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Cancer Research 68, 9982, December 1, 2008. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1838
© 2008 American Association for Cancer Research
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Molecular Biology, Pathobiology, and Genetics

A Range of Cancers Is Associated with the rs6983267 Marker on Chromosome 8

Dominika Wokolorczyk1, Bartlomiej Gliniewicz2, Andrzej Sikorski2, Elzbieta Zlowocka1, Bartlomiej Masojc1, Tadeusz Debniak1, Joanna Matyjasik1, Marek Mierzejewski1, Krzysztof Medrek1, Dorota Oszutowska1, Janina Suchy1, Jacek Gronwald1, Urszula Teodorczyk1, Tomasz Huzarski1, Tomasz Byrski1, Anna Jakubowska1, Bohdan Górski1, Thierry van de Wetering1, Swietlana Walczak1, Steven A. Narod3, Jan Lubinski1 and Cezary Cybulski1

1 International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology and 2 Clinic of Urology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; and 3 Womens College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Requests for reprints: Cezary Cybulski, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Polabska 4, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland. Phone: 48-91-466-1532; Fax: 48-91-466-1533; E-mail: cezarycy{at}sci.pam.szczecin.pl.


   Abstract
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 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 
Several genome-wide searches for common cancers have lead to the identification of a small number of loci that harbor low-risk cancer susceptibility markers. One marker, rs6983267 on chromosome 8q24, has been linked to both colon and prostate cancer, and is therefore a good candidate for a multicancer susceptibility marker. To determine the range of cancer sites associated with rs6983267, we genotyped 7,665 cases of cancer, representing 11 common cancer sites, and 1,910 controls. A significant odds ratio (OR) was observed for prostate cancer for carriers of genotype GG [OR, 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47–2.13]. The homozygote OR was higher for tumors with Gleason score 8 to 10 (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.18–3.20) than for tumors with Gleason score 7 and below (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.31–2.08). Significantly elevated (homozygote) ORs were observed for 4 other cancer sites, including colon (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08–1.72), kidney (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.12–2.05), thyroid (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02–1.82), and larynx (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.02–1.90). Information was available on family histories of cancer for eight sites. For six of the eight sites (prostate, breast, bladder, larynx, lung, and kidney), the homozygote ORs were higher for cases with a positive family history (at least one first-degree with any cancer) than for cases with unaffected first-degree relatives. Our results suggest that the range of cancers associated with the rs6983267 marker might be larger than previously thought. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9982–6]


   Introduction
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 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 
In the past year, the results of several genome-wide searches for loci for cancer susceptibility for breast, colon, and prostate cancer have been reported. Several chromosomal regions of interest have been identified, including loci for prostate cancer on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 17, 19, and X; for colorectal cancer on chromosomes 8, 10, 11, 15, and 18; and for breast cancer on chromosomes 5, 6, 8, 10, and 16 (1–17). For most of these loci, the effects of the risk alleles seem to be site specific (i.e., different loci were associated with different cancers). However, one region at 8q24, recognized by the marker rs6983267, was associated with both prostate and colon cancer (6–13). A modest association [odds ratio (OR), 1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0–1.43] of rs6983267 was reported in colorectal cancer patients with a positive family history of any malignancy (14), suggesting the possible involvement of the marker in multisite cancer susceptibility. To better characterize the range of cancers associated with the rs6983267 marker on chromosome 8q24, we genotyped 7,665 cases of cancer and 1,910 controls in the Polish population. Poland is well-suited for association studies because of relative genetic homogeneity; for example, Polish founder mutations have been identified for BRCA1, NBS1, and CHEK2 (18–20).


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 
Patients. We included patients with 11 of the most common types of cancer in Poland. Together, these sites represent ~70% of all malignancies diagnosed annually in the country. Study subjects were unselected for age and family history. Patient acceptance rates exceeded 70% for each cancer site. Patients provided written informed consent. The cancer cases for 10 cancer sites were collected from hospitals in Szczecin (Poland) between 1995 and 2007. Prostate cancer cases were collected in Szczecin (n = 704) and in other Polish cities (n = 1,181) between 1999 and 2007 (21). In total, 7,665 cases of cancer were collected, including 1,885 cases of prostate cancer (mean age, 67.4 y; age range, 41–90 y), 1,006 cases of breast cancer (mean age, 56.4 y; age range, 25–88 y), 618 cases of ovarian cancer (mean age, 54.4 y; age range, 16–86 y), 779 cases of colon cancer (mean age, 63.4 y; age range, 23–96 y), 465 cases of kidney cancer (mean age, 57.5 y; age range, 17–85 y), 303 cases of bladder cancer (mean age, 62.6 y; age range, 25–88 y), 400 cases of laryngeal cancer (mean age, 48.4 y; age range, 12–79 y), 738 cases of lung cancer (mean age, 61.4 y; age range, 29–88 y), 498 cases of malignant melanoma (mean age, 53.4 y; age range, 25–85), 488 cases of stomach cancer (mean age, 58.5 y; age range, 25–83 y), and 485 cases of thyroid cancer (mean age, 48.4 y; age range, 12–79 y).

Information was available on family histories of cancer for eight sites [prostate, breast, colon, bladder, larynx, lung, skin (malignant melanoma), and kidney]. For one site (stomach), information was available only on family history of cancer at the same site. A positive family history was defined in two ways: first, at least one first-degree relative affected by cancer at any site and, second, a first-degree relative with cancer in the same site. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Pomeranian Medical University.

Controls. Two nonoverlapping control groups were used. The first control group consisted of 946 healthy adults, including 510 women (age range, 25–91 y; mean 62.9) and 436 men (age range, 34–90 y; mean 64.3). These controls were selected at random from the computerized patient lists of five large family practices located in the region of Szczecin. These healthy adults participated in 2003 and 2004. Participation rates for this group exceeded 70%. A detailed family history of cancer was taken (612 of the 946 adults reported a negative family history of cancer in all first-degree relatives). Study subjects were included regardless of their cancer family history. Individuals affected with any malignancy were excluded from the study. The second source of controls consisted of 964 healthy adults: 509 women (age range, 25–88 y; mean, 56.0) and 455 men (age range, 23–87 y; mean, 61.6) who were part of a population-based study of 1.5 million residents of West Pomerania, designed to identify familial aggregations of cancer. The controls were selected at random from a registry of patients who participated in the population-based study. These subjects were invited for an interview in 2007. A detailed family history of cancer was taken. Individuals affected with any malignancy, or with a first-degree relative diagnosed with cancer were excluded from this control group. In total, there were 1,910 cancer-free controls (1,576 of the 1,910 controls reported a negative family history of cancer in all first-degree relatives). The genotypes for the rs6983267 marker were compared for the controls by age, by sex, and by source. Because there were no observed differences between the allele frequencies in the controls from the two sources, by sex or by age, all controls were combined into a single group to generate the most precise estimate of the rs6983267 genotype frequencies in the underlying general population (Table 1 ).


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  		Table 1. Frequency of rs6983267 in controls, by source, by age, and by sex

 
Genotyping. DNA was isolated from 5 to 10 cc peripheral blood. The rs6983267 variant was analyzed by RFLP-PCR using primers F: 5'-CTG AAC TGT GGG GTT GGC TGT CA-3' and R: 5"-TAA TAC CCT CAT CGT CCT TTG AG-3', and the NmuCI enzyme. The test was validated by sequencing of 88 randomly selected samples, and the results of RFLP-PCR and sequencing were 100% concordant. In addition, 589 randomly selected samples were reevaluated by RFLP-PCR, and the results were 99.5% concordant.

Statistical analysis. The prevalence of each of the alleles was measured in cases and controls. ORs were generated from two-by-two contingency tables and their statistical significance was assessed using Fisher exact test. We considered P values below 0.05 to indicate statistical significance. The P values have not been corrected for multiple testing.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 
We genotyped 7,665 cases and 1,910 controls for the rs6983267 variant. The ORs associated with this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for each of the 11 cancer sites are presented in Table 2 . Significant ORs were seen in association with allele G (1 or 2 copies) for 5 cancer sites, including prostate (OR, 1.43; P = 10–9), colon (OR, 1.13; P = 0.01), kidney (OR, 1.43; P = 0.007), thyroid (OR, 1.27; P = 0.04), and larynx (OR, 1.23; P = 0.04). The ORs for four other sites [breast, stomach, lung, and skin (malignant melanoma)] were greater than unity but were nonsignificant. For all sites, except stomach, the homozygote ORs were higher than the heterozygote ORs (Table 2).


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  		Table 2. Association between rs6983267 genotypes and cancer risk, by cancer site

 
We investigated how a family history of any cancer affected the observed ORs. Family history of cancer was available for eight sites. For six sites [prostate, breast, bladder, larynx, lung, and skin (malignant melanoma)], the homozygote ORs were higher for cases with an affected first-degree relative than for cases with unaffected first-degree relatives (Table 3 ). For five of these six sites, the heterozygote ORs were also greater for familial cases than for nonfamilial cases. The differences were highest for smoking-related cancers (bladder, laryngeal, and lung cancer). For these three cancers, the homozygote ORs were between 1.44 and 1.89 for familial cases, and between 0.86 and 1.13 for nonfamilial cases; the heterozygote ORs ranged from 1.13 to 1.62 for familial cases, compared with 0.85 to 0.93 for nonfamilial cases.


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  		Table 3. Association between rs6983267 and cancer site, by family history of any cancer

 
We also investigated how the ORs are influenced by a family history of cancer at the same site (Table 4 ). The was no statistical difference in the ORs for familial cases versus nonfamilial cases for any of the studied sites (all P values for difference ≥0.1). For prostate cancer, the homozygote and the heterozygote ORs were higher for familial cases (2.04 and 1.63, respectively) than for nonfamilial cases (1.75 and 1.25, respectively), but the differences were not statistically significant. A similar (nonsignificant) trend was seen for breast cancer.


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  		Table 4. Association between rs6983267 and cancer site, by family history of cancer at the same site

 
In a previous study, the association with rs6983267 was stronger for high-grade prostate cancers than for low-grade cancers (22). In our study, Gleason score was available for 993 cases of prostate cancer; the OR associated with the G allele was higher for aggressive tumors (Gleason score 8 or more; OR, 1.71), than for tumors with Gleason score 7 and below (OR, 1.32), but the difference was not statistically significant.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 
We are able to confirm previous reports that the locus on chromosome 8q24, marked by rs6983267, predisposes to prostate cancer (homozygote OR, 1.8) and to colon cancer (homozygote OR, 1.4). The ORs observed in the Polish population for these cancers are similar to those reported in other ethnic groups (5–13). We observed similar ORs for cancers of the kidney, thyroid, and larynx (homozygote ORs of 1.5, 1.4, and 1.4, respectively). These associations were marginally significant, possibly due to smaller sample sizes (465, 485, and 400 cases respectively); however, a number of comparisons were made, and it is possible that some positive associations were observed by chance. Although we did not see statistically significant associations for allele G of rs6983267 and other cancer sites [breast, ovary, bladder, stomach, lung, and skin (malignant melanoma)], for these sites, the homozygote ORs were above unity (range, 1.04 to 1.29). In addition, for five sites (prostate, breast, bladder, larynx, and lung), the homozygote and the heterozygote ORs were higher for cases with a family history of any cancer in a first-degree relative than for cases with all first-degree relatives unaffected.

These findings suggest that the locus on chromosome 8q24, marked by rs6983267, is involved in carcinogenesis of several different organs. In a series of 996 patients with colorectal cancer in Finland, a higher frequency of the G allele was seen in colon cancer patients when a positive family history of another type of cancer was present (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1–1.43; P = 0.05; ref. 14). Three previous studies reported no association between the G allele of rs6983267 and breast, endometrial cancer, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (23–25). However, each study was too small to rule out a modest effect. Other polymorphisms in this region of 8q24 have been linked to breast cancer (rs13281615, which is localized 58 kb from rs6983267) and testicular germ cell tumors (rs10505476 localized 5 kb from rs6983267; refs. 17, 26).

The frequency of allele G of rs6983267 is reported to be high among all populations, varying from 31% in Native Hawaiians to 85% in African Americans (7). The frequency of this allele in our population is 48%, similar to the frequency reported in other Caucasian populations (50%). The range of cancers associated with the rs6983267 variant may be larger than previously thought, and the overall contribution of this allele to the cancer burden may be large, although the individual ORs are modest. The basis of cancer susceptibility is unclear. The SNP marks a gene-poor genomic region at 8q24.21 frequently amplified in many tumor types, including colorectal and prostate cancer (27–32). The SNP is located distant from any coding sequences, in the middle of a 19 kb haplotype block with a high linkage disequilibrium. The nearest genes are the putative pseudogene POU5F1P1, a transcription factor expressed in colon cancer cell lines (11), and the MYC oncogene. However, no relationship has been found between rs6983267 genotype and expression or amplification of these genes (11, 12). It is possible that the causal variant is in linkage disequilibrium with the SNP and remains unknown. The observation that allelic instability at the rs6983267 favors the risk allele in colorectal cancer tissue suggests that this locus is a target of additional somatic changes in cancer (14). If the region marked by rs6983267 is in fact associated with multisite cancer susceptibility, it is likely that the mechanism of cancer susceptibility associated this particular region is general, such as by generating chromosomal instability. Given the common occurrence of rearrangements at chromosome 8q in cancers, it is possible that rs6983267 may be marker of a fragile site, which predisposes chromosome 8 to undergo secondary chromosomal rearrangements.


   Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
References
 
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.


   Acknowledgments
 
Grant support: Polish Scientific Committee grant PBZ-KBN-122/PO5/2004.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

We thank A. Borkowski, T. Borkowski, M. Stawicka, D. Godlewski, A. Antczak, Z. Kwias, K. Krajka, W. Lauer, K. Bar, M. Sosnowski, P. Sikorska-Radek, R. Zdrojowy, B. Makiewicz, and M. Szwiec for their support in collection of DNA samples from men with prostate cancer.

Received 5/15/08. Revised 8/ 6/08. Accepted 9/ 2/08.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Disclosure of Potential...
 References
 

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HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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