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Intraoperative Evaluation of Breast Tumor Margins with Optical Coherence Tomography

Departments of ¹ Chemistry and ² Electrical and Computer Engineering, ³ College of Medicine, and ⁴ Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ⁵ Mills Breast Cancer Institute, ⁶ Carle Foundation Hospital, and ⁷ Carle Clinic Association, Urbana, Illinois

Requests for reprints: Stephen A. Boppart, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801. Phone: 217-244-7479; Fax: 217-333-5833; E-mail: boppart{at}illinois.edu.

As breast cancer screening rates increase, smaller and more numerous lesions are being identified earlier, leading to more breast-conserving surgical procedures. Achieving a clean surgical margin represents a technical challenge with important clinical implications. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is introduced as an intraoperative high-resolution imaging technique that assesses surgical breast tumor margins by providing real-time microscopic images up to 2 mm beneath the tissue surface. In a study of 37 patients split between training and study groups, OCT images covering 1 cm² regions were acquired from surgical margins of lumpectomy specimens, registered with ink, and correlated with corresponding histologic sections. A 17-patient training set used to establish standard imaging protocols and OCT evaluation criteria showed that areas of higher scattering tissue with a heterogeneous pattern were indicative of tumor cells and tumor tissue in contrast to lower scattering adipocytes found in normal breast tissue. The remaining 20 patients were enrolled into the feasibility study. Of these lumpectomy specimens, 11 were identified with a positive or close surgical margin and 9 were identified with a negative margin under OCT. Based on histologic findings, 9 true positives, 9 true negatives, 2 false positives, and 0 false negatives were found, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 82%. These results show the potential of OCT as a real-time method for intraoperative margin assessment in breast-conserving surgeries. [Cancer Res 2009;69(22):8790–6]

Key Words: Breast Cancer • Imaging • Margin Status • Optical Coherence Tomography