Production of Gastrointestinal Tumors in Mice by Modulating Latent TGF-β1 Activation

Abstract

TGF-β and its signaling pathways are important mediators in the suppression of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. TGF-β is released from cells in a latent complex consisting of TGF-β, the TGF-β propeptide [latency associated protein (LAP)], and a latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP). We previously generated mice in which the LTBP-binding cysteine residues in LAP TGF-β1 were mutated to serine precluding covalent interactions with LTBP. These Tgfb1^C33S/C33S mice develop multiorgan inflammation and tumors consistent with reduced TGF-β1 activity. To test whether further reduction in active TGF-β levels would yield additional tumors and a phenotype more similar to Tgfb1^−/− mice, we generated mice that express TGF-β1^C33S and are deficient in either integrin β8 or TSP-1, known activators of latent TGF-β1. In addition, we generated mice that have one mutant allele and one null allele at the Tgfb1 locus, reasoning that these mice should synthesize half the total amount of TGF-β1 as Tgfb1^C33S/C33S mice, and the amount of active TGF-β1 would be correspondingly decreased compared with Tgfb1^C33S/C33S mice. These compound-mutant mice displayed more severe inflammation and higher tumor numbers than the parental Tgfb1^C33S/C33S animals. The level of active TGF-β1 in compound mutant mice seemed to be decreased compared with Tgfb1^C33S/C33S mice as determined from analyses of surrogate markers of active TGF-β, such as P-Smad2, C-Myc, KI-67, and markers of cell-cycle traverse. We conclude that these mutant mice provide a useful system for modulating TGF-β levels in a manner that determines tumor number and inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res; 73(1); 1–10. ©2012 AACR.