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Research Article

Metastasis stimulation by hypoxia and acidosis-induced extracellular lipid uptake is mediated by proteoglycan-dependent endocytosis

Julien Menard, Helena C Christianson, Paulina Kucharzewska, Erika Bourseau-Guilmain, Katrin J Svensson, Eva Lindqvist, Vineesh Indira Chandran, Lena Kjellén, Charlotte Welinder, Johan Bengzon, Maria C Johansson and Mattias Belting
Julien Menard
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Helena C Christianson
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Paulina Kucharzewska
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Erika Bourseau-Guilmain
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Katrin J Svensson
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School
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Eva Lindqvist
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Vineesh Indira Chandran
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Lena Kjellén
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University
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Charlotte Welinder
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Johan Bengzon
Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Lund University
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Maria C Johansson
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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Mattias Belting
Section of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University
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  • For correspondence: mattias.belting@med.lu.se
DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2831
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Abstract

Hypoxia and acidosis are inherent stress factors of the tumor microenvironment and have been linked to increased tumor aggressiveness and treatment resistance. Molecules involved in the adaptive mechanisms that drive stress-induced disease progression constitute interesting candidates of therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide evidence of a novel role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the adaptive response of tumor cells to hypoxia and acidosis through increased internalization of lipoproteins, resulting in a lipid storing phenotype and enhanced tumor forming capacity. Patient glioblastoma tumors and cells under hypoxic and acidic stress acquired a lipid droplet (LD) loaded phenotype, and showed an increased recruitment of all major lipoproteins, HDL, LDL, and VLDL. Stress induced LD accumulation was associated with increased spheroid forming capacity during reoxygenation in vitro and lung metastatic potential in vivo. On a mechanistic level, we found no apparent effect of hypoxia on HSPGs, whereas lipoprotein receptors (VLDLR and SR-B1) were transiently up-regulated by hypoxia. Importantly, however, using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that stress mediated lipoprotein uptake is highly dependent on intact HSPG expression. The functional relevance of HSPG in the context of tumor cell stress was evidenced by HSPG-dependent lipoprotein cell signaling activation through the ERK/MAPK pathway, and by reversal of the LD-loaded phenotype by targeting of HSPGs. We conclude that HSPGs may have an important role in the adaptive response to major stress factors of the tumor microenvironment with functional consequences on tumor cell signaling, and metastatic potential.

  • Received October 18, 2015.
  • Revision received April 5, 2016.
  • Accepted May 5, 2016.
  • Copyright {copyright, serif}2016, American Association for Cancer Research.
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Published OnlineFirst May 19, 2016
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2831

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Metastasis stimulation by hypoxia and acidosis-induced extracellular lipid uptake is mediated by proteoglycan-dependent endocytosis
Julien Menard, Helena C Christianson, Paulina Kucharzewska, Erika Bourseau-Guilmain, Katrin J Svensson, Eva Lindqvist, Vineesh Indira Chandran, Lena Kjellén, Charlotte Welinder, Johan Bengzon, Maria C Johansson and Mattias Belting
Cancer Res May 19 2016 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2831

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Metastasis stimulation by hypoxia and acidosis-induced extracellular lipid uptake is mediated by proteoglycan-dependent endocytosis
Julien Menard, Helena C Christianson, Paulina Kucharzewska, Erika Bourseau-Guilmain, Katrin J Svensson, Eva Lindqvist, Vineesh Indira Chandran, Lena Kjellén, Charlotte Welinder, Johan Bengzon, Maria C Johansson and Mattias Belting
Cancer Res May 19 2016 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2831
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Cancer Research Online ISSN: 1538-7445
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