Retinoic Acid Induced Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP)/Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Kinase-dependent MAP Kinase Activation Needed to Elicit HL-60 Cell Differentiation and Growth Arrest

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA) activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of HL-60 human myeloblastic leukemia cells before causing myeloid differentiation and cell cycle arrest associated with hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein. ERK2 activation by mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase (MEK) was necessary for RA-induced differentiation in studies using PD98059 to block MEK phosphorylation. G₀ growth arrest and RB tumor suppressor protein hypophosphorylation (which is typically associated with induced differentiation and G₀ arrest), two putatively RB-regulated processes, also depended on ERK2 activation by MEK. Activation of ERK2 by RA occurred within hours and persisted until the onset of RB hypophosphorylation, differentiation, and arrest. ERK2 activation was probably needed early, because delaying the addition of PD98059 relative to that of RA restored most of the RA-induced cellular response. In contrast to RA (which activates RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors in HL-60 cells with its metabolite retinoids), a retinoid that selectively binds RAR-γ, which is not expressed in HL-60 cells, was relatively ineffective in causing ERK2 activation. This is consistent with the need for a nuclear retinoid receptor function in RA-induced ERK2 activation. RA reduced the amount of unphosphorylated RAR-α, whose activation is necessary for RA-induced differentiation and arrest. This shifted the ratio of phosphorylated:unphosphorylated RAR-α to predominantly the phosphorylated form. Unlike other steroid thyroid hormone receptors susceptible to phosphorylation and activation by MAPKs, RAR-α was not phosphorylated by the activated ERK2 MAPK. The results thus show that RA augments MEK-dependent ERK2 activation that is needed for subsequent RB hypophosphorylation, cell differentiation, and G₀ arrest. The process seems to be nuclear receptor dependent and an early seminal component of RA signaling causing differentiation and growth arrest.