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Prevention and Epidemiology

Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer by d,l-Sulforaphane Is Augmented by Pharmacological Inhibition of Autophagy

Avani R. Vyas, Eun-Ryeong Hahm, Julie A. Arlotti, Simon Watkins, Donna Beer Stolz, Dhimant Desai, Shantu Amin and Shivendra V. Singh
Avani R. Vyas
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Eun-Ryeong Hahm
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Julie A. Arlotti
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Simon Watkins
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Donna Beer Stolz
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Dhimant Desai
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Shantu Amin
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Shivendra V. Singh
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
1Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, 2University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 3Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; and 4Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0755 Published October 2013
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Abstract

There is a preclinical evidence that the oral administration of d,l-sulforaphane (SFN) can decrease the incidence or burden of early-stage prostate cancer [prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)] and well-differentiated cancer (WDC) but not late-stage poorly differentiated cancer (PDC). Because SFN treatment induces cytoprotective autophagy in cultured human prostate cancer cells, the present study tested the hypothesis that chemopreventive efficacy of SFN could be augmented by the pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy using chloroquine (CQ). Incidence of PDC characterized by prostate weight of more than 1 g was significantly lower in the SFN + CQ group than in control (P = 0.004), CQ group (P = 0.026), or SFN group (P = 0.002 by Fisher exact test). Average size of the metastatic lymph node was lower by about 42% in the SFN + CQ group than in control (P = 0.043 by Wilcoxon test). On the other hand, the SFN + CQ combination was not superior to SFN alone with respect to inhibition of incidence or burden of microscopic PIN or WDC. SFN treatment caused in vivo autophagy as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Mechanistic studies showed that prevention of prostate cancer and metastasis by the SFN + CQ combination was associated with decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, alterations in protein levels of autophagy regulators Atg5 and phospho-mTOR, and suppression of biochemical features of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Plasma proteomics identified protein expression signature that may serve as biomarker of SFN + CQ exposure/response. This study offers a novel combination regimen for future clinical investigations for prevention of prostate cancer in humans. Cancer Res; 73(19); 5985–95. ©2013 AACR.

Footnotes

  • Note: Supplementary data for this article are available at Cancer Research Online (http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/).

  • Received March 15, 2013.
  • Revision received June 27, 2013.
  • Accepted July 14, 2013.
  • ©2013 American Association for Cancer Research.
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Cancer Research: 73 (19)
October 2013
Volume 73, Issue 19
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Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer by d,l-Sulforaphane Is Augmented by Pharmacological Inhibition of Autophagy
Avani R. Vyas, Eun-Ryeong Hahm, Julie A. Arlotti, Simon Watkins, Donna Beer Stolz, Dhimant Desai, Shantu Amin and Shivendra V. Singh
Cancer Res October 1 2013 (73) (19) 5985-5995; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0755

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Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer by d,l-Sulforaphane Is Augmented by Pharmacological Inhibition of Autophagy
Avani R. Vyas, Eun-Ryeong Hahm, Julie A. Arlotti, Simon Watkins, Donna Beer Stolz, Dhimant Desai, Shantu Amin and Shivendra V. Singh
Cancer Res October 1 2013 (73) (19) 5985-5995; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0755
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